Event system and methods for using same

ABSTRACT

Event systems and methods are provided through which applications can manage input/output operations (“I/O”) and inter-processor communications. An event system in conjunction with fast I/O is operable to discover, handle and distribute events. The system and method disclosed can be applied to combinations that include event-driven models and event-polling models. In some embodiments, I/O sources and application sources direct events and messages to the same destination queue. In some embodiments, the system and methods include configurable event distribution and event filtering mechanisms operable to effect and direct event distribution for multiple event types using multiple methods. In some embodiments, the system disclosed includes enhanced event handler API&#39;s. Some embodiments include a multicast API operable to allow applications to perform multicasting in a single API call. In addition, various mechanisms of the disclosed event system can be combined with traditional operating systems.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of U.S. Patent Applicationentitled “Event System And Methods For Using Same,” Ser. No. 14/609,175,filed Jan. 29, 2015, which claims priority through Applicants' priorU.S. Patent Application entitled “Event System And Methods For UsingSame” Ser. No. 13/556,057, filed Jul. 23, 2012. The present applicationalso claims priority through Applicants' prior U.S. Provisional PatentApplication entitled “Event Systems and Input/Output Systems,” Ser. No.61/510,994, filed April Jul. 22, 2011, and U.S. Provisional PatentApplication entitled “Event System And Methods For Using Same”, Ser. No.61/674,645, filed Jul. 23, 2012, all of which prior Applications arehereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. It is to beunderstood, however, that in the event of any inconsistency between thisspecification and any information incorporated by reference in thisspecification, this specification shall govern.

FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

The present invention relates generally to computer systems, and moreparticularly, to event systems through which applications can manageinput/output operations (“I/O”) and inter-processor communications.

BACKGROUND

I/O and event services are important elements of every computer system.Traditionally, these services were provided by the operating system(“OS”) to applications. Input and output (“I/O”) operations included,for example, sending and receiving messages to and from the network,reading and writing files to disks, and reading and writing to networkattached storage. In addition to the basic I/O operation calls such assend( ), recv( ), read( ), and write( ), operating systems oftenprovided applications with additional methods for the processing ofevents in an attempt to facilitate the processing of multiple I/O eventstreams. For example, operating systems implemented functions such asselect( ), poll( ), epoll( ), and I/O completion ports, whichfacilitated the processing events from multiple file descriptors, suchas multiple sockets or multiple file operations or combination ofsockets and file operations. File descriptors are abstract indicators(e.g. a number) that represent access to a file or to I/O. A filedescriptor of a socket, for example, represents access to a network.Similarly, a file descriptor can represent access to a block device suchas disk or access to a file. As another example, operating systemfacilities such as asynchronous I/O provided a way for applications toperform other operations while waiting for prior posted I/O operationsto complete. All these mechanisms and systems that facilitated theprocessing of multiple I/O event streams were collectively referred toas an event system.

Today's I/O event systems can be grouped into two categories: 1)traditional operating system event systems; and 2) operating systemkernel-bypassing network systems.

Conventional computer operating systems generally segregate virtualmemory into kernel-space and user-space. Kernel-space is a privilegedspace reserved for running the kernel, kernel extensions, and where mostdevice drivers run in today's operating systems. In contrast, user-spaceis the memory area where all user mode applications work.

One problem with traditional event systems is that such systemsperformed slowly. Traditional operating system I/O and event systemswere implemented in kernel-space. When applications needed to accesssystem resources (e.g. files, disks, and Network Interface Controller(“NIC”)), applications used system calls, which went through contextswitching when accessing kernel space. In addition, when events arrivedfrom I/O devices such as NICs or disks, traditional operating system'sI/O and event system architectures used interrupt-based methods as theprimary I/O event discovery mechanisms. Interrupts interrupt the CPUprocessor and context-switch out whatever program was running on theinterrupted CPU processor in order to handle the interrupts.Context-switching would sometimes also occur in the event delivery pathsof the traditional operating system's event system. The traditionaloperating system I/O and event system architecture incurred significantoverhead associated with interrupt and context-switching.

The operating system kernel-bypassing network system solutions offeredfaster I/O that reduced the interrupt and context-switching overheads.However, these kernel-bypassing network systems were lacking in eventsystem offerings. The only type of event processing model that theexisting operating system kernel-bypassing network systems offered wasthe application polling model, lacking alternative event processingmodels. Further, the architecture and implementation of the applicationpolling model offered by these systems lacked scalability.

One type of application polling API offered by conventional systems wasthe select( ) and poll( ) mechanism, which took multiple filedescriptors and polled for events on the multiple file descriptors.Other types of application polling API's offered by conventional systemsincluded epoll( ) and I/O completion port. In these API's, applicationsregistered interest on events of file descriptors by calling API's suchas epoll_ctl( ), and then made system calls, such as epoll_wait( ), topoll for events. Regardless of which API's are implemented, it is thearchitecture underlying the API's that determines the scalability andperformance of the system.

In existing operating system kernel-bypassing network systems, as wellas in traditional operating system kernel's implementation of select( )and poll( ), the system polled each of the file descriptor objects.These polling mechanisms lacked scalability when applications monitoredlarge numbers of descriptors. With the emergence of web applicationsserving huge numbers of users simultaneously and having thousands ofopen connections, each represented by an open socket, these scalabilitylimitations became particularly significant. In this type of pollingmodel, the polling mechanism would poll each of the thousands ofsockets, resulting in the number of polling operation increasinglinearly with the number of descriptors, thus impacting the ability forsuch systems to service a growing user base.

In other existing architectures, in particular, in traditional operatingsystem kernel's implementation of epoll( ) and I/O completion port,kernel queues were used, and thus avoided the above noted scalabilityproblem specifically related to the handling of many file descriptors.However, the traditional operating system I/O and event systemarchitectures, including kernel queue implementation, bounded theperformance of such systems, as they incurred significant overhead dueto the high levels of context-switching and interrupts, as well as dueto the additional user-kernel communication involved.

These existing event polling architectures, having either scalabilitylimitations or performance problems or both, resulted in applicationshaving to choose between implementing a solution with faster network I/Obut no scalability, or alternatively, implementing a solution within atraditional operating system that exhibited poor performance. A systemthat avoided both limitations in a single solution was needed.

In an effort to increase network performance, kernel-bypass networkstacks were developed. These methods and systems bypassed the operatingsystem kernel and interfaced with the underlying NIC. User-spaceapplications and libraries were afforded direct access to what wereknown as virtual interfaces. A virtual interface allowed a user-spaceapplication or library to access an I/O provider (e.g. the NIC) andperform data transfers through memory that an application (or user-spacelibrary) registered with the NIC and that the NIC can also access. Mostof today's high performance NICs, including Infiniband and 10G EthernetNICs, are based on the virtual interface architecture (“VIA”). In sodoing, these systems offered applications faster access to theunderlying I/O hardware as compared to going through the operatingsystem kernel.

While these existing operating system kernel-bypass systems reducednetwork messaging latency, they were merely libraries on top of the NICI/O provider. As such, these architectures did not offer comprehensiveevent systems like those included in traditional operating systems.Socket libraries were implemented on top of each vendor's NICimplementation of the virtual interface, and the event system consistedof no more than a translation of application calls to select( ), poll(), and epoll( ) into polling operations on the list of sockets. Forexample, even though epoll( ) was implemented in these conventionalkernel-bypass approaches, the epoll( ) override was nothing more than apolling of the list of file descriptors that were pre-registered througha call to epoll_ctl( ). This being the case, each file descriptor thatan application was interested in had to be polled. As the number ofsockets monitored by an application increased, the number of pollingoperation increased linearly with the number of sockets. As a result,these systems, like the file descriptor polling architecture discussedpreviously, lacked scalability.

Another form of I/O and event polling in conventional systems wasasynchronous I/O. Asynchronous I/O is a form of input/output processingthat permits other processing to continue before the transmission hasfinished. When an application called an asynchronous version of I/Ooperations, such as asynchronous versions of read( ), write( ), send( ),and recv( ), the individual I/O operation was posted to the system. Theasynchronous API then returned to the application, but did so withoutincluding the results of the I/O operation. The application proceeded toperform other operations while waiting for the posted I/O operation tocomplete. Upon completion of the posted I/O operation, events weregenerated and an application would then poll for the completion events.This model was referred to as a post-and-completion model, a completionmodel, or an asynchronous I/O model. One disadvantage of this approachwas that applications had to perform prior posting of I/O operationsbefore IO events could be delivered, which both increased the number ofsystem calls applications were required to make, as well as increasedthe system processing overhead such as binding at each I/O operationposting.

Further, these existing event systems had mechanisms that were disparateand completely separated from inter-process or inter-threadcommunication mechanisms. For example, in existing systems, applicationshad to include one type of programming to process I/O events, andanother type of programming to effect communications among applicationthreads or processes. Neither the traditional operating system eventsystems, nor the kernel-bypass network systems, offered applications away to scale event processing across multiple processing cores. Forexample, in the existing event mechanisms, there is a lack of effectiveevent distribution mechanisms, and no mechanism for applications tospecify distribution of events to particular processors.

In addition to the above drawbacks with these prior solutions, therewere other deficiencies with traditional I/O processing. For example,there was a lack of an efficient and flexible multicast interface.Multicasting mechanisms enable sending the same message or pay-load tomultiple destinations in a single I/O operation. Performing multicastingusing conventional mechanisms involved significant setup andadministrative overhead. For example, multicast groups had to bestatically formed prior to the multicast operation, where the multicastgroup was given an IP address as the multicast address. Applicationswould then perform multicasting by sending the message to the multicastaddress. This meant that applications had to incur the administrativeoverhead involved with a multi-step process involved in setting upstatic groups prior to performing send operations. The only methodavailable for avoiding this administrative overhead was for applicationsto use individual I/O operations to send the message to eachdestination. This alternative solution incurred large system calloverhead due to the quantity of system calls. Again, applications areleft having to select between two undesirable drawbacks, in this case,either sacrificing flexibility and incurring administrative overhead, oralternatively, sacrificing performance by making an excessive number ofsystem calls.

SUMMARY

It is to be understood that this Summary recites some aspects of thepresent disclosure, but there are other novel and advantageous aspects.They will become apparent as this specification proceeds.

Briefly and in general terms, the present invention provides for eventsystems that support both integration with fast I/O, andfeature-specific integration with traditional operating systems.

In some embodiments, new methods and a new framework for implementing afull event system is implemented in conjunction with fast I/O. Fast I/Oevent polling and discovery mechanisms eliminate the interrupt andcontext-switching overhead associated with traditional operating systemI/O and event systems.

Some embodiments of the event system implement event-driven processingmodels on top of the fast I/O event polling and discovery mechanisms,offering new and high performance ways of event processing not availablein existing kernel-bypass network or traditional operating systems.

In some embodiments, the system actively and continuously polls I/Odevices by running I/O event polling and servicing threads on dedicatedprocessors. Upon event discovery by the I/O event polling threads, theevent system invokes application event handlers in various ways. Thestructure of some of these embodiments obtains one or more of thefollowing advantages:

-   -   1) The active polling methods combined with invocation of        application event handlers by the event system provides for        timely discovery of I/O events without interrupt and        context-switching overhead, as well as timely event processing        by application event handlers. Together, this combination        provides event processing efficiency and high performance.    -   2) The event system invokes the event handler upon event        delivery, and does not poll each file descriptor I/O object.        This results in a scalable event system across an increasing        number of file descriptors.    -   3) Dedication of processors to the I/O event polling threads        allow these threads to run for extended periods of time and        generate streams of I/O events with a reduction in interference        from the operating system kernel scheduler as compared to using        a regular thread, thus further improving performance.    -   4) Combining this mechanism with the event system calling the        application event handler, in contrast to waiting for the        application to poll, offers improved CPU cache locality and        utilization, particularly on multi-core processors.    -   5) Dedication of processors further provides benefits in        combination with concurrent and parallel processing, which will        become apparent as this specification proceeds.

In some embodiments, events discovered by the system I/O polling threadsare queued to a shared memory queues of the event system, which aresubsequently polled by other event system threads executing in theapplication address-space. Upon retrieval of events from the sharedmemory queues, these other event system threads in the applicationaddress-space subsequently call the application event handlers. Whencombined with the dedication of processors, these other event systemthreads that run in application-address space are referred to asapplication processors. Some implementations of these embodimentsachieve one or more of the following substantial advantages:

-   -   1) Since the application processors that invoke the event        handlers run in the application address-space, the application        event handlers automatically have access to all application        memory without context switching. In some embodiments, enqueuing        and dequeuing of the events is accomplished through shared        memory, and the entire event system paths are without context        switching, thus improving overall performance.    -   2) When combined with the dedication of processors and parallel        processing, the application concurrently processes the events on        a separate processor from the system I/O polling thread        processor. When further combined with the use of a plurality of        such application processors and the event distribution        facilities also disclosed in this application, the event streams        generated by the fast I/O event discovery mechanisms can be        distributed to multiple application processors for concurrent        processing in parallel.

In some embodiments, application event handlers are directly called fromthe event system I/O polling threads. This allows some of theseembodiments to obtain one or more of the following advantages:

-   -   1) Multiple system I/O polling threads can be executed        concurrently. For example, each system I/O polling thread polls        different I/O ports or devices, with each of these system I/O        polling threads calling application event handlers, resulting in        parallel I/O event processing. In some embodiments, each of the        multiple system I/O polling threads run on dedicated processors,        offering further efficiency for parallel I/O event processing.    -   2) In some of these embodiments, enhancements to event handler        invocation methods are also provided such that event handlers        directly invoked by the event system I/O polling threads, which        may execute in a different address-space from the application        address-space, can have access to application memory.

Some of the embodiments of the event-driven methods include a novelevent handler API. The structure and functionality of this API can beimplemented to achieve one or more of the following advantages:

-   -   1) The application event handler API includes a parameter for        passing the I/O object (e.g. socket) receiving the events. The        parameter is given in indirect reference form, such as an opaque        handle or descriptor. This presents a higher-level view to        applications and avoids demultiplexing, protocol processing, or        both by application handlers. This also facilitates a protection        boundary between the system and the application, and among        multiple applications. Further, this allows internal system        structures to be modified independent of applications. In some        embodiments, the event handler API is extended beyond network        I/O to other forms of I/O and non-I/O events.    -   2) All necessary information for event processing is passed        through the parameters of the event handler API when the system        invokes the application handler. This removes the need for        additional calls to individual I/O operations such as recv( ) or        accept( ) in order to process events, substantially reducing the        number of system calls needed for applications to process        events.

Some embodiments of the event system implement scalable event pollingprocessing models on top of the fast I/O event polling and discoverymechanisms. These facilities address both the scalability andperformance limitations found in existing systems by removing thepolling of each file descriptor, and by eliminating interrupt andcontext-switching overheads.

In some embodiments, the system employs an event queue that storesevents from multiple file descriptor objects in conjunction with fastI/O event discovery mechanisms. I/O events discovered from fast I/Opolling mechanisms are delivered to the event queue as events arrive.Application then poll for events from these event queues. The centralaction of event polling then is the dequeuing of events from the eventqueue, which can collect events of any number of descriptors. Combiningthese mechanism as described allows some of these embodiments to obtainthe following advantages:

-   -   1) I/O event discovery systems use fast I/O event polling        mechanisms, eliminating the interrupt and context switching        associated with traditional operating system I/O architectures,        thus achieving high performance. In addition, in some        embodiments, the event delivery that includes enqueuing and        dequeuing of events to and from the event queue use        shared-memory, thus further eliminating context switching.    -   2) As there is no polling of each file descriptor, application        polling for events is scalable irrespective of the number of        file descriptors.    -   3) Events are delivered to the event queues as events arrive,        without requiring application prior posting of individual        asynchronous I/O operations. Applications configure event        delivery to event queues at a higher level than individual        asynchronous I/O operations, for example, binding events of a        descriptor or set of descriptors to event queues, or type of        events to event queues. Once configured, events are delivered as        they are discovered by the fast I/O event discovery mechanisms.        This offers improved response time in terms of event delivery        and eliminates the overhead associated with the posting of        asynchronous I/O on each I/O event in the prior        post-and-completion designs.    -   4) Elimination of the interrupt and context switching associated        with traditional operating system I/O architecture, thus        achieving improved performance.

Some embodiments of the event system implement event queuing mechanismsthat allow applications to enqueue application-specific events to thesame event system capable of receiving I/O events, thus providing aunified system for applications to efficiently handle I/O events, andinter-processor communication and inter-process communication. In someembodiments, the event system includes methods for applications toenqueue application-specific events or messages to the same event queuewhere I/O events are delivered. The event queue is capable of storingI/O events from multiple file descriptor objects, as fast I/O eventpolling mechanisms discover the I/O events and enqueue them onto theevent queue. The same queue also supports enqueuing ofapplication-specific events or messages, thus forming a dual-use queue.The same event system can be used by applications for inter-process orinter-processor communication, as well as for I/O events. Applicationscan enqueue and dequeue arbitrary application specific objects, and thususe the event queues for general-purpose, inter-process orinter-processor communication. As a result, for some embodimentsoffering these facilities, applications can use the same set of methodsand mechanisms to handle both I/O, and inter-process or inter-processorcommunication events.

Some embodiments of the event system include event distributionmechanisms implemented in conjunction with event-driven and eventpolling models of event processing, further increasing the scalabilityof the event system on multi-core and multi-processor systems. In someof these embodiments, scalable event systems with event queues capableof enqueuing and dequeuing I/O events associated with multiple filedescriptors are combined with event distribution mechanisms where I/Oevents are distributed to multiple of such event queues. These queuesare, in turn, polled by multiple processing cores, thus providingscalable parallel processing of events concurrently from multipleprocessors.

In some of these embodiments implementing the event distribution system,applications configure event distribution to particular processors orqueues through system-provided APIs, thus allowing application-levelcontrol of the event distribution and the processing cores to be usedfor parallel processing. Once configured, incoming events are thendistributed to multiple destinations without the need for applicationprior posting of individual asynchronous I/O operations. This offersimproved system efficiency as well as improved response time for eventdelivery.

Some embodiments implement event distribution methods in conjunctionwith event systems. These methods enable the directing of events todestinations based on round-robin methods, augmented round-robinmethods, the consulting of load information, cache-affinity,flow-affinity, user-defined rules or filters, or some combinationthereof. These methods distribute events in a concurrent environmentwhere multiple processors act in parallel, thus providing for thescaling of event processing, something not available in existing eventsystems.

Some embodiments combine the event-driven model of event processing withevent queuing mechanisms that allow applications to enqueueapplication-specific events. Upon discovery of events by, for example, afast I/O event polling mechanism, application event handlers are calledby the event system. Within these application event handlers, theapplication can call event queuing functions provided by the eventsystem, and thus send inter-processor or inter-process communication toeffect further processing. Similarly, within the application eventhandlers, the application can call light-weight task enqueue functionsto enqueue tasks onto processors for further processing. Light-weighttask enqueue and dequeue methods using shared memory and withoutcontext-switching are also provided by this system.

Some embodiments include a new multicast API that allows applications toperform multicasting in a single API call. This call includes parametersthat specify multiple destinations for the multicast, and includes themessage to send. The same message is then sent to all destinationsspecified in the multicast API. This new API eliminates the need forapplications to set up multicast groups prior to initiating themulticast, thus removing the inflexibility and administrative costsoften associated with using such multicast groups. The new API furtherprovides system call efficiency, accomplishing the complete multicastconfiguration and send in a single call.

It is also to be understood that aspects of the present disclosure maynot necessarily address one or all of the issues noted in the Backgroundabove.

It can thus be seen that there are many aspects of the presentinvention, including particular additional or alternative features thatwill become apparent as this specification proceeds. It is thereforeunderstood that the scope of the invention is to be determined by theclaims and not by whether the claimed subject matter solves anyparticular problem or all of them, provide any particular features orall of them, or meet any particular objective or group of objectives setforth in the Background or Summary.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The preferred and other embodiments are shown in the accompanyingdrawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of the internal structure of a computersystem;

FIG. 2 is a block diagram of event systems and fast I/O event discoverymethods implemented in conjunction with fast I/O according to anexemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of event system polling and I/O servicingthreads in fast I/O event systems according to an exemplary embodimentdisclosed herein;

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of event-driven systems implemented inconjunction with fast I/O event discovery systems according to anexemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of event-driven systems with queuing toapplication implemented in conjunction with fast I/O event discoverysystems according to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of a multiprocessor view of event-drivensystems with queuing to application implemented in conjunction with fastI/O event discovery systems according to an exemplary embodimentdisclosed herein;

FIG. 7A is a block diagram of event-driven systems with directinvocation of application event handler implemented in conjunction withfast I/O event discovery systems according to an exemplary embodimentdisclosed herein;

FIG. 7B is a block diagram of event-driven systems with directinvocation of application event handler implemented in conjunction withfast I/O event discovery systems as shown in FIG. 7A combined withdedicated processors and parallel processing according to an exemplaryembodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of methods of invoking application eventhandlers in system-space with shared memory according to an exemplaryembodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 8B is a block diagram of methods of invoking application eventhandlers using upcall according to an exemplary embodiment disclosedherein;

FIG. 8C is a block diagram of methods of invoking application eventhandlers using hardware IPC mechanisms according to an exemplaryembodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 9A is a block diagram of event-driven systems with queuing toapplication implemented in conjunction with either fast I/O eventdiscovery systems or conventional operating system I/O stacks accordingto an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 9B is a block diagram of event-driven systems with directinvocation of application event handlers implemented in conjunction witheither fast I/O event discovery systems or conventional operating systemI/O stacks according to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 10 is a block diagram of application polling with integrated eventqueue implemented in conjunction with fast I/O event systems accordingto an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 11A is a block diagram of an event queuing system where bothapplication and I/O event systems can act as event sources according toan exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 11B is a block diagram of a shared memory method used in queuingfrom application and queuing from I/O event systems in the event queuingsystem according to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 11C is a block diagram of a method of providing applications withqueuing capability to event queues according to an exemplary embodimentdisclosed herein;

FIG. 11D is a block diagram of an alternative method of providingapplications with queuing capability to event queues according to anexemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 11E is a block diagram of another alternative method of providingapplication with queuing capability to event queues according to anexemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 12 is a block diagram of event distribution according to anexemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 13A is a block diagram of event distribution combined withapplication polling with event queue, implemented in conjunction with afast I/O event system according to an exemplary embodiment disclosedherein;

FIG. 13B is a block diagram of event distribution in an event-drivensystem implemented in conjunction with a fast I/O event system accordingto an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of event distribution with events of onesocket or file-descriptor distributed to multiple queues and showingdifferent distribution by event types according to an exemplaryembodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 15A is a process flow diagram of the round-robin event distributiondestination selection method according to an exemplary embodimentdisclosed herein;

FIG. 15B is a process flow diagram of load-balancing event distributionmethod according to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 15C is a process flow diagram of a cache-affinity eventdistribution method according to an exemplary embodiment disclosedherein;

FIG. 15D is a process flow diagram of a combined cache-affinity,flow-affinity and load-balancing event distribution methods according toan exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 15E is a process flow diagram of a flow-affinity event distributionmethod according to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 15F is a process flow diagram of application-supplied rules andlogic event distribution methods according to an exemplary embodimentdisclosed herein;

FIG. 15G is a process flow diagram of an event filtering method in anevent system according to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 15H is a process flow diagram of another event filtering method inan event system according to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 16 is a block diagram of event queuing and light-weight taskqueuing by application event handlers according to an exemplaryembodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 17 is a block diagram of light-weight task queuing methodsaccording to an exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 18 is a block diagram of multicast API's according to an exemplaryembodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 19A is a block diagram of fast task execution and distributioninvoking hardware IPC mechanisms involving upcall according to anexemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

FIG. 19B is a block diagram of fast task execution and distributioninvoking hardware IPC mechanisms without involving upcall according toan exemplary embodiment disclosed herein;

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description provides examples, and is not limiting of thescope, applicability, or configuration. Changes may be made in thefunction and arrangement of elements discussed without departing fromthe spirit and scope of the disclosure. Various embodiments may omit,substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. Forinstance, the methods described may be performed in an order differentfrom that described, and various steps may be added, omitted, orcombined. Also, features described with respect to certain embodimentsmay be combined in other embodiments.

Broadly, the invention provides a system and methods for implementing ascalable event system in conjunction with fast I/O. In addition thetechniques, methods and mechanism disclosed in this application can alsobe applied to traditional operating systems implemented on top of slowI/O. Such systems and integrations can reduce or eliminate contextswitching, while also improving scalability and providing powerful andflexible application programming interfaces.

Certain embodiments of the invention are described with reference tomethods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products that can beimplemented by computer program instructions. These computer programinstructions can be provided to a processor of a general purposecomputer, special purpose computer, or other programmable dataprocessing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions,which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmabledata processing apparatus, create means for implementing the actsspecified herein to transform data from a first state to a second state.

These computer program instructions can be stored in a computer-readablememory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processingapparatus to operate in a particular manner, such that the instructionsstored in the computer-readable memory produce an article of manufactureincluding instruction means which implement the acts specified herein.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer orother programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series ofoperational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmableapparatus to produce a computer implemented process such that theinstructions which execute on the computer or other programmableapparatus provide steps for implementing the acts specified herein.

The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, andalgorithm steps described in connection with the embodiments disclosedherein can be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, orcombinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability ofhardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules,circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms oftheir functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented ashardware or software depends upon the particular application and designconstraints imposed on the overall system. The described functionalitycan be implemented in varying ways for each particular application, butsuch implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing adeparture from the scope of the disclosure.

The blocks of the methods and algorithms described in connection withthe embodiments disclosed herein can be embodied directly in hardware,in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of thetwo. A software module can reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROMmemory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removabledisk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of computer-readable storage mediumknown in the art. An exemplary storage medium is coupled to a processorsuch that the processor can read information from, and write informationto, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium can beintegral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium canreside in an ASIC. The ASIC can reside in a user terminal. In thealternative, the processor and the storage medium can reside as discretecomponents in a user terminal.

With reference to FIG. 1, each component of the system 40 is connectedto system bus 42, providing a set of hardware lines used for datatransfer among the components of a computer or processing system. Alsoconnected to bus 42 are additional components 44 of the event systemsuch as additional memory storage, digital processors, network adaptersand I/O devices. Bus 42 is essentially a shared conduit connectingdifferent elements of a computer system (e.g., processor, disk storage,memory, input/output ports, network ports, etc.) and enabling transferof information between the elements. I/O device interface 46 is attachedto system bus 42 in order to connect various input and output devices(e.g., keyboard, mouse, displays, printers, speakers, etc.) to the eventsystem. Network interface 48 allows the computer to connect to variousother devices attached to a network. Memory 56 provides volatile storagefor computer software instructions 52 and data 54 used to implementmethods employed by the system disclosed herein (e.g., the round-robinmethod in FIG. 14 and the cache-affinity distribution method of FIG.15C) Disk storage 58 provides non-volatile storage for computer softwareinstructions 52 and data 54 used to implement an embodiment of themethod of the present disclosure. Central processor unit 50 is alsoattached to system bus 42 and provides for the execution of computerinstructions.

In one embodiment, the processor routines 52 and data 54 are a computerprogram product, including a computer readable medium (e.g., a removablestorage medium such as one or more DVD-ROM's, CD-ROM's, diskettes,tapes, etc.) that provides at least a portion of the softwareinstructions for the system. Computer program products that combinesroutines 52 and data 54 may be installed by any suitable softwareinstallation procedure, as is well known in the art. In anotherembodiment, at least a portion of the software instructions may also bedownloaded over a cable, communication, wireless connection or both.

Depending on the embodiment, certain acts, events, or functions of anyof the methods described herein can be performed in a differentsequence, can be added, merged, or left out all together (e.g. not alldescribed acts or events are necessary for the practice of the method).Moreover, in certain embodiments, acts or events can be performedconcurrently (e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interruptprocessing, or multiple processors or processor cores) rather thansequentially. Moreover, in certain embodiments, acts or events can beperformed on alternate tiers within the architecture.

1. Event System Polling Mechanisms in Conjunction with Fast I/O

Various embodiments of the invention will now be described in moredetail. In event systems that are implemented in conjunction with fastI/O, I/O events are generally discovered through polling. These systemseither employ active or passive methods to poll for I/O events.Referencing now FIG. 2, in active systems 260, there are one or morededicated threads that continuously poll for I/O events 210.Alternatively, the system can be passive 250. In passive systems, thesystem does not itself have active threads that are continuouslypolling, but instead, will poll when an application issues an I/O orevent system operation 212 that causes the system to poll for I/O events214. Examples of I/O and event operation APIs include recv( ) andselect( ), poll( ), or epoll( ) calls. Whichever method is used, all I/Opolling eventually reaches the I/O devices 238 and checks the state ofqueues or other statuses associated with the I/O devices.

In some embodiments, polling and discovery of I/O events are donethrough a virtual interface (“VI”) 222. The system can poll directly onthe VI 222 through the use of such mechanisms as send and receivequeues, work queue elements, completion queues, etc. 224. The system canpoll at any level of an API or library interface on top of the basequeuing and other structures of the VI 222. If the VI 222 is exposed byan I/O device that implements the Virtual Interface Architecture (“VIA”)230 or equivalent, the system may poll using the Verbs interface 226,which is a relatively low-level interface directly on top of the VIelements and structures.

In some embodiments, the VI 222 is provided by the I/O device 238. Anexample would include the case where the NIC hardware implements the VI222. In other embodiments, the VI 222 is provided by software, oralternatively by a combination of hardware and software. An example ofsuch an implementation is the combination of NIC firmware and softwarethat run on the host system. In the case where VI 222 is provided by anI/O device 238 or a combination of software and hardware, the underlyingI/O device 238 provides some features of the VIA 230 or equivalentarchitecture. In the case where the VI 222 is provided purely insoftware, the software stack virtualizes the underlying I/O devices, andthe underlying I/O device 238 need not have features of the VIA 230 orequivalent architecture.

In another embodiment, the system has direct access 232 to theunderlying I/O devices through such mechanisms as device drivers 234.The system can poll for the state of devices directly without the use ofVI software layers or reliance on particular I/O device VIA featureimplementations. With access to devices, device drivers 234, or both,the event system can be implemented in either user-space or inkernel-space.

In some of these embodiments where the system discovers I/O eventsprimarily through polling, interrupts can be disabled for the I/O devicepolled by the polling mechanism. In a fast I/O and event system thatemploys the above polling mechanisms as the primary event discoverymechanism, when interrupt is used, it is only used as secondarymechanism for the purpose of waking up a polling thread that is in waitmode. For example, the system can put polling threads into wait modewhen there are no I/O events or I/O activities for a period of time(e.g. longer than some threshold). The waiting threads needs to beawakened when I/O events are present. Interrupts are used to awaken thewaiting threads. In some of these embodiments, after the polling threadsare awakened, the system resumes polling as the primary I/O eventdiscovery method, disabling interrupts. In contrast, conventionaloperating systems use interrupts as the primary event discoverymechanism and incur the overhead associated with context switching thatoccurs along the I/O servicing and event discovery paths.

Demultiplexing can determine application association for an incomingevent. Demultiplexing can be performed in different places with respectto event discovery, depending on the implementation. Afterdemultiplexing, the event system delivers the I/O event to itsappropriate destination.

In some embodiments, the necessary protocols processing is completedbefore the application event handlers are invoked. The necessaryprotocols to process depend on application specification andconfiguration. For example, a socket may be a TCP socket over an IPnetwork, in which case at least TCP and IP protocols are processed. Ifthe application demands access to the raw packets and specifies that thesystem should not process any protocol, the system may not perform anyprotocol processing. Protocol processing may then be performed beforeevent delivery or after event delivery or in combination (e.g. someportion before delivery and some portion after delivery).

In some embodiments, the event system has one or more dedicated threads210 that continuously poll for I/O events in accordance with the pollingmethods previously discussed. Threads supplied by the event system thatpoll for I/O events and perform I/O event discovery and delivery arereferred to as “event system polling and I/O servicing threads” 210 todistinguish them from other polling threads that may be provided by theevent system. Referring now to FIG. 3, the event system polling and I/Oservicing threads repeatedly poll for I/O events 330 by, for example,running a polling loop 320 that repeatedly calls device drivers orqueries the state of virtual interfaces and delivers I/O events 340.Each polling thread continuously polls so long as it is active and notin a waiting mode. These threads have direct access to devices 238 ordevice drivers or virtual interfaces, depending on the access methodimplemented as previously discussed. The event system polling and I/Oservicing threads may also service I/O requests, including those thatcome from application sources or other system sources 310. In someembodiments, the polling threads may perform operations unrelated to I/O350.

Each event system polling and I/O servicing thread 210 can interfacewith, and service, one or more I/O devices or virtual interfaces 238. Insome embodiments, multiple event system polling and I/O servicingthreads 210 can be grouped into a single entity. The devices, virtualinterfaces, or both that each system polling and I/O servicing thread210 or entity interface with and service can be of one or more types.For example, one system polling and I/O servicing thread or entity canserve both network devices (e.g. NIC's) 360 and block devices (e.g. diskor storage) 362.

In some embodiments, each event system polling and I/O servicing thread210 polls on a different set of I/O devices 238 or device ports. In someembodiments, multiple event system polling and I/O servicing threads 210can poll on the same set of I/O devices 238 or device ports, and thusthese multiple polling threads are a single entity. In yet anotherembodiment, the set of I/O devices 238 or device ports polled bydifferent polling threads overlap.

There can be one or more such event system polling and I/O servicingthreads 210 or entities in a system, and these threads can actconcurrently and in parallel. An application can interact with one ormore of these event system polling and I/O servicing threads 210. One ormore of such event system polling and I/O servicing threads 210 caninteract with a particular application. One or more events can beretrieved at any single polling iteration. In some embodiments, eventsystem polling and I/O servicing threads 210 are implemented in the sameaddress-space as the application. In other embodiments, the event systempolling and I/O servicing threads 210 are implemented in a differentaddress-space from that of the application address-space, wherein thisdifferent address-space can be in either user-space or kernel-space.

In some embodiments, the event system pins the polling and I/O servicingthreads 210 to specific processors 638, 640, or more generally,dedicates processors to one or more such threads. The event systempolling and I/O servicing threads 210 running on dedicated I/O servicingprocessors 638, 640 can run for an extended period of time generating astream of I/O events. In some embodiments, the event system utilizespartitioned resource management policies where the system polling andI/O servicing threads 210 run on one set of dedicated processors 638,640, while the application or application logic threads run on adifferent set of processors 642, 644. The partitioning of processorsfacilitates concurrent processing by allowing resources to be dedicatedto specific processing activities. In some embodiments, multiple eventsystem polling and I/O servicing threads 210 exist in a system, and eachsuch thread is pinned to a different processor, thus parallel processingcan execute more efficiently with better cache locality and lessscheduling interference. In some embodiments, the dedication ofprocessors and partitioning of processor resources is combined withevent distribution described later in this application, creating evenmore granular configuration options and further enhancing parallelprocessing efficiency as a result.

In some embodiments, the application configures the dedication ofprocessors and partitioning of resources. For example, system-providedAPI's or configuration file equivalents specify a mapping of I/O devicesto the processors that run the event system polling and I/O servicingthreads 210. The system pins the event system polling and I/O servicingthreads 210 onto the processors in accordance with this mapping, movingother processes or threads to other processors. Alternatively, thesystem selects the processors to run the event system polling and I/Oservicing threads 210, thus generating the configuration automatically.In some embodiments, the pinning of threads, the dedication ofprocessors to the polling threads, or both is achieved by using acombination of operating system API's and tools that assign process orthread priorities, processor affinities, interrupt affinities, etc.

In some embodiments, the I/O polling and event discovery methods, andthe event system mechanisms disclosed in this section form a foundationfor the event system disclosed subsequently. Whenever this disclosurereferences the event system in conjunction with fast I/O, or referencesfast I/O event discovery methods and system, such references refer tothe system and methods disclosed here above in this section.

2. Event-Driven Mechanisms in Event Systems

Some embodiments of this invention employ event-driven models. Inevent-driven models, the event system invokes the appropriateapplication handler at the time of event discovery, or alternatively,after event discovery. In contrast to application polling methods, theapplication is not continuously polling for events. If any pollingoccurs, such polling is accomplished by the event system and referred tohereafter as system polling. In event-driven systems, the event systemsupplies the polling threads and optionally the executable logicsegments operable to perform such polling, hereafter referred to assystem polling threads. The application supplies event handlers andconfigures event interests as disclosed subsequently.

2.1. Event-Driven Mechanisms of Event Systems in Conjunction with FastI/O

The event system in conjunction with fast I/O has been describedpreviously, which is incorporated here by reference. Referring now toFIG. 4, in some embodiments, the event system provides the polling andI/O servicing threads 210 that continuously poll for I/O events 330. Insome embodiments, after event discovery, the event system polling andI/O servicing thread 210 enqueues the event to the queue associated withthe destination application processor or thread 412, 420. Thedestination processor or thread 424 polls the queue 416 and invokes theappropriate application event handlers 414. In some other embodiments,after event discovery, the event system polling and I/O servicingthreads directly invoke the application event handler 426. As discussedpreviously, in the case of application polling methods, the event systempolling and I/O servicing threads 210 may reside in the sameaddress-space as the application, or alternatively in a differentaddress-space from the application in user-space, wherein this differentaddress-space can be in either user-space or kernel-space. In someembodiments, multiple event system polling and I/O servicing threads andentities work in parallel.

2.1.1 Event-Driven Mechanism of Event System with Queuing to Application

The event system in conjunction with fast I/O has been describedpreviously, which is incorporated here by reference. Referring now toFIG. 5, in some embodiments, discovered events are queued to queues 420by the event system I/O polling and servicing threads 210. The queuesare associated with application destinations. The event system suppliesanother distinct polling thread 424 different from the I/O polling andservicing threads 210, which lives in the destination applicationaddress-space and polls the queue 420. After retrieving one or morequeued events, application event handlers 426 are invoked in theapplication address-space by the system-supplied destination pollingthread 414, 424. In these embodiments, the polling threads 424 pollingthe queue 420 at the destination live in the same address-space as theapplication. The application event handlers 426 automatically haveaccess to application memory and context, and therefore applicationevent handlers 426 are invoked by calling the application handlerfunctions directly 414.

In various embodiments, event delivery is accomplished without contextswitching. In some of these embodiments, the fast I/O event discoverysystem 410 lives in the same address-space as the application, and eventdelivery is without context switching simply by virtue of residing inthe same address-space. In other of these embodiments, the fast I/Oevent discovery system 410 lives in a different address-space from theapplication, whether said different address-space is in user-space orkernel-space, and shared memory is mapped into both address-spaces 520.The shared memory region mapped includes one or more queues 420 and mayinclude all supporting structures 530 for the enqueuing and retrieval ofevents. Supporting structures 530 include such structures as, forexample, event objects that are to be enqueued and allocated from theshared memory space. Both the fast I/O event discovery system 410 andthe application have direct access to the queue using shared memory 520.Thus, polling 416 and dequeuing of the queued events by the destinationprocessor from the application address-space can be accomplished withoutcontext switching. Enqueuing to the queues 412 by the fast I/O eventdiscovery system 410 is also accomplished without context switchingthrough the shared memory 520.

Referring now to FIG. 6, in some embodiments, the fast I/O eventdiscovery system 410 has one or more event system polling an I/Oservicing threads 210 associated with one or more dedicated processors638, 640. These system polling and I/O servicing threads 210 may executein parallel and concurrently on multiple processors. The set ofprocessors dedicated to the event system polling and I/O servicingthreads 210 are distinct from the application processors 642, 644. Thesystem I/O processors 638, 640 and application processors 642, 644 mayact concurrently.

In some embodiments, the event system supplied destination threads inthe application address-space 424 are runtime programs involved inscheduling application tasks and in events processing, while the eventsystem polling and I/O servicing threads 210 are involved in I/O eventdiscovery and processing 410. In such an embodiment, event systempolling and I/O servicing threads 210 can be viewed as specialized I/Oevent and message processors, while the event system supplieddestination threads 424 can be viewed as application logic processors.The specialized I/O event and message processors are directing events toapplication logic processors. Such embodiments can be combined withevent distribution to multiple destination processors disclosedsubsequently, and create systems designed to take full advantage ofmultiprocessing environments. There can be one or more intermediatequeues and polling threads that further direct and distribute events,and there may be one or more queues and polling entities at each step ofthis directing and distribution, and any combination thereof

2.1.2 Event-Driven Mechanism of Event System with Queuing to System

The event system in conjunction with fast I/O has been describedpreviously, which is incorporated here by reference. In someembodiments, discovered events are queued by the event system I/Opolling and servicing threads 210 to queues 420 associated with systemdestinations. These system destinations, for example, may be othersystem polling and I/O servicing threads 210, or other threads of thesystem implementing different functions, protocols, etc. The destinationcan be any system or subsystem, and is not restricted to I/O or eventsystems (e.g. they can be scheduling or other systems or subsystems). Insome of these embodiments, there can be one or more steps of suchqueuing. The polling threads at the system destination in the systemaddress-space poll the queues. After retrieving one or more queuedevents, application event handlers are invoked by the system-supplieddestination polling thread 424.

In some embodiments, the system destination is in the same address-spaceas the fast I/O event discovery system 410. In this case, event deliveryto other parts of the event system does not require moving acrossaddress-spaces (i.e. moving to and from system-space and user-space),thus no context switching occurs. In other embodiments, the source fastI/O event discovery system 410 and the destination system threads livein different address-spaces. In such cases, shared memory 520 isimplemented as described in the previous section. Both the event systemand the application have direct access to the memory, and thereforeaccess to the queues and structures 420, 530 contained therein. Thus,enqueuing and dequeuing occurs without context switching.

In some embodiments, the event system supplied destination threads 424that invoke the application handler live in the same address-space asthe application. The application event handlers automatically haveaccess to application memory and context, and therefore applicationevent handlers are called directly. In other embodiments, the systemdestination that invokes the application event handler resides in adifferent address-space than the application. In such cases, the eventsystem provides facilities for the application to access applicationmemory. These facilities are discussed in detail in later section2.1.3.1 and are included here by reference.

In some embodiments, the event system with queuing to system isimplemented in conjunction with the dedication of processors asdescribed previously. In various of these embodiments, one or moresystem polling and I/O servicing threads 210 exist in the fast I/O eventdiscovery system, and one or more processors 638, 640 are dedicated toone or more of the event system polling and I/O servicing threads 210.Each of these threads can discover and process I/O events in parallel.In addition, one or more event system supplied destination threads 424and tasks may exist in the event system, and can be executing on adistinct set of processors from the processors dedicated to the eventsystem polling and I/O servicing threads 210. Multiple application eventhandlers 426 can be invoked concurrently in the system by differentsystem threads executing in parallel.

In some embodiments, the queuing to system functionality is implementedin conjunction with the queuing to application functionality, forexample, where one or more queuing steps to other parts of the systemare followed by queuing to an application destination.

2.1.3 Event-Driven Mechanism of Event System with Direct Invocation ofEvent Handlers

The event system in conjunction with fast I/O has been describedpreviously, which is incorporated here by reference. Referencing nowFIG. 7A, in some embodiments event system polling and I/O servicingthreads 210 directly invoke the application event handler after eventdiscovery 710. The event system provides several methods for directinvocation of application event handlers 426. In some embodiments, whenI/O system and event discovery mechanisms 410 and application eventhandlers 426 both reside in the same address-space as the application,application handlers can be called directly 720. In other embodiments,I/O system and event discovery mechanisms 410 do not reside in the sameaddress-space as the application. In such cases, the system providesfacilities for applications to access application memory. Applicationevent handlers may be invoked in system space 724, with shared memory726 facilitating its access to application memory as described insection 2.1.3.1 and incorporate here by reference. Alternatively,application event handlers may be invoked by upcall into the applicationaddress-space 728. Yet another alternative method involves taskexecution using hardware inter-processor communication (“IPC”)mechanisms 730. These methods of event handler invocation 724, 728, 730,are described in section 2.1.3.1, and are included here by reference.

In some embodiments, enhanced application event handler API's asdiscussed in detail in section 2.5 and included here by reference areimplemented in conjunction with the direct invocation mechanismdescribed herein. In some embodiments, the event system with the directinvocation mechanism is combined with the dedication of processors asdescribed previously. Referencing now FIG. 7B, in various of theseembodiments, one or more system polling and I/O servicing threads 210exists in the fast I/O event discovery system 410, and one or moreprocessors 638, 640 may be dedicated to one or more of the systempolling and I/O servicing threads 210. Multiple application eventhandlers 426 may be invoked 710 concurrently in the system by differentevent system polling and I/O servicing threads executing in parallel.

2.1.3.1 Methods of Invocation of Application Event Handlers

This section describes methods for the invocation of application eventhandlers by threads running in the system address-space different fromthe application address-space. Embodiments including one or more ofthese methods provide application event handler execution with access toapplication memory.

Referencing now FIG. 8A, in some embodiments, shared memory 726 is usedto give application event handlers 426 access to application memory.Application memory is mapped into the system address-space 806, givingapplication event handlers 426 direct access to the shared applicationmemory 726 mapped into system-space 806. In some of these embodiments,the shared memory 726 can be setup beforehand. For example, theapplication 802 may configure or otherwise register application memoryaccessed by application event handlers 426 using system-suppliedfacilities to perform such configuration. The event system can usememory mapping functions such as mmap( ) to automatically map sharedmemory 726. Such shared memory and invocation methods can be used whenthe I/O event system executes in a separate address-space from theapplication in user-space, whether such separate space is kernel-spaceor user-space When the system executes in kernel-space, the event systemmay also provide automated compilation facilities, linking facilities,or both to help the application event handler 426 to be executable inkernel-space.

In some embodiments the application event handler 426 executing insystem-space 806 can access one or more of the API libraries that theapplication 802 would normally have the ability to access when executingin application space 812. Application event handlers 426 invoked fromsystem-space 806 have access to pertinent application states through theshared memory mapping 726 and execute without context switching.

Referring now to FIG. 8B, in another embodiment, the I/O event systemand mechanisms are implemented in kernel-space, or otherwise havecorresponding privileges, and upcall into the application address-space812 to invoke application event handlers 728. In this case, theapplication handler 426 is executed in application-space and context,and has access to all application states, even though it is invoked fromsystem-space 828 that executes in kernel-space. Parameters of the upcallcan be passed through the upcall stack 830. Upcall can be used inconjunction with a shared-memory area 824 for passing large-sizedparameters. This combination provides performance benefits by avoidingthe copying of large-sized parameters into the upcall stack 830.

Referring now to FIG. 8C, in yet another embodiment, when the I/O eventsystem and mechanisms are implemented in kernel-space 860, or otherwisehave the privilege to use hardware IPC mechanisms, tasks are executedusing hardware IPC mechanisms. The event system uses the server IPCagent 870 to send IPC requests from one processor 852 to one or moreother processors 854, 856 to directly invoke application event handlers834, 836 from kernel-space 860. Upon receiving the IPC requests, clientIPC agents 872, 874 execute, and use either upcall to invoke applicationevent handlers 834 that execute in the application address-space 862, ordirectly invoke application event handlers 836 that execute inkernel-space 860 and have access to the necessary application statethrough shared memory 876.

2.2 Event Driven Mechanisms Applicable to Traditional I/O

In some embodiments, event-driven features and methods as describedpreviously are applied to conventional operating systems independent ofthe presence of a fast event discovery and I/O system 410.

In some of these embodiments, utilizing the queuing to application modelas discussed previously, the event delivery to application destinationsoccurs without context switching through the implementation of sharedmemory methods. In the case where the shared memory event deliverymethods are applied to traditional operating systems, the event systemspace is the kernel-space. FIG. 9A illustrates a shared memory method ofevent delivery between the operating system kernel I/O stack 910 or fastI/O event discovery system 410 in kernel-space, and the userapplication-space. Shared memory 520 is mapped into both thekernel-space and the user application-space 812. The shared memoryregion mapped will at least include the queue 970 and can include someor all supporting structures 530 for enqueuing and retrieval of events.Supporting structures can, for example, include event objects that areto be enqueued and allocated from the shared memory space. Both thetraditional operating system I/O stack 910, which executes inkernel-space, and the user-space application have direct access to thequeues 970 using shared memory 520. Polling and retrieval of the queuedevents from application address-space 812 can be done without contextswitching. Through the shared memory 520, enqueuing 920 to the queues isalso accomplished without context switching. Thus it can be said thatevent delivery to application destination occurs without contextswitching.

In various of these embodiments, the methods of invocation of theapplication event handler 426 from system-space, and in particular, themethod of using shared memory mapping to give application event handlersexecuting in system-space access to application memory are applied totraditional operating systems. The description of FIG. 8A in section2.1.3.1 applies in the case of traditional operating systems as well,and is included here by reference. In this case, the system-space is thekernel-space.

In some of these embodiments, the methods of invocation of theapplication event handlers from system-space, and in particular, themethod of using executing application event handlers as tasks usinghardware IPC mechanisms, as in FIG. 8C and section 2.1.3.1, are appliedto traditional operating systems. Methods of executing tasks usinghardware IPC mechanisms are disclosed in detail in section 8, andincluded here by reference.

In various of these embodiments, the application event handler API's asdescribed in section 2.5, in conjunction with the methods for invokingapplication event handlers as described above, are applied totraditional operating systems.

Referring now to FIG. 9B, in some embodiments, direct invocation ofapplication event handlers is applied to traditional operating systemsas described above. After I/O event discovery 900, application eventhandlers are directly invoked from the system 940. The invocation mayuse the direct invocation method with shared memory fromapplication-space mapped into system-space 724, 726. Alternatively, theinvocation may execute application event handlers using hardware IPCmechanisms 730, and the execution mechanisms as described in section 8.Either invocation method can be combined with the enhanced event handlerAPI features 960.

2.3 Configuration and Binding

In some embodiments, application handlers to events and to otherinformation such as queuing destinations (e.g. queues processors,threads, processes, etc.) are configured by the application. In someembodiments, the event system provides API's, other facilities, or bothoperable to perform this configuration. The configuration, bindingfunctions and facilities described in this section can be applied to allthe previously-discussed event system embodiments.

In one embodiment, binding of event handlers and other information suchas the queuing destination does not involve applications postingindividual asynchronous I/O operations. For example, handlers anddestination information such as queues or destination processors orthreads, are set for a file descriptor or set of file descriptors, for atype or set of types, for virtual interfaces, for queue pairs, for workpairs, etc. at any level that is higher than individual I/O operation,and for any combination thereof. More sophisticated rules, wild-cards,predicates, filters, etc. can be used. Once configured, the systemdelivers events upon event discovery and invokes the application eventhandlers when appropriate without the need for applications to postindividual asynchronous I/O operations.

In another embodiment, the configuration and delivering of events by thesystem follows a post-and-complete event model. The binding of eventhandlers and other information such as queuing destinations can be setfor individual asynchronous I/O operations. Binding can also work at acoarser level, for example, setting the event handler to invoke at thelevel of work queues, file descriptor, or completion queue. Individualasynchronous I/O operation postings occur before completion events aredelivered in these AIO-like, post-and-complete event models. Uponcompletion of a posted I/O operation, the completion event is deliveredto the application by invoking the application event handlers accordingto the configuration.

2.4 Device Resource Partitioning

In the above disclosed various models and embodiments, there are caseswhere the fast I/O event discovery system 410 lives in the sameaddress-space as the application 802. In an embedded system, whichusually only has one application instance, this is not normally anissue. In a general-purpose operating system environment, where theremay be multiple applications or application instances, the event systemprovides additional facilities for embodiments where the fast I/O eventdiscovery system 410 polls on I/O devices directly rather than throughvirtual interfaces, namely, device partitioning.

Device partitioning includes facilities for the mapping of devices toapplications. Devices can be configured and assigned exclusively to anapplication, where the device is not shared by other applications. Whenthe device is exclusively assigned to an application, the fast I/O eventdiscovery system 410 that polls on I/O devices directly can be in thesame address-space as the application to which the device is assigned.

2.5 Application Event Handler API's

In some embodiments, event handler API parameters provide the descriptorof the I/O object associated with the I/O event to the application whenthe event handler is invoked. For example, for network events, thesocket that the event is associated with is provided to the application.In this case, demultiplexing is done by the system before invocation ofthe application event handler. In some embodiments, protocol processingis done by the system prior to the invocation of event handlers. In someembodiments, application message payload, rather than the raw message,is provided to the application. In other embodiments, the raw messagemay be provided to the application at the application's request or ifthe system is so configured.

The I/O object that the I/O event is associated with is provided to theapplication as an opaque handle, file descriptor, or other indirectreference, meaning that such parameters are not provided as pointers tointernal implementation structures. For example, for network events, thesocket is provided in the form of a descriptor or opaque handle asopposed to a direct pointer to structures such as protocol controlblocks. In some embodiments, the system uses this approach andimplements a protection boundary between the system and application, andamong multiple applications. The system further uses this approach tomaintain the independence of internal structures from applicationimplementations.

In some embodiments, the I/O descriptor feature of the event handler APIis additionally applied to other I/O events, as well as non-I/O events.The event handler API uses an opaque handle or file descriptor as aparameter and applies this to events such as disk I/O events and filesystem events, as well as others, all of which may have differentinternal structures or objects, such as a file object rather than asocket object, associated with the I/O events. The opaque handle or filedescriptor can identify any such object, as well as a socket. This is incontrast to using a pointer to a socket or protocol control block thatcan only be used to identify sockets.

In an alternative embodiment, an application-specified value is used inlieu of the descriptor that identifies the I/O object. In one suchembodiment, the event handler API passes information about the socketusing the application-specified value or object rather than by using asystem-assigned descriptor of the socket. In a system using asynchronousI/O (“AIO”) posting in conjunction with event handler invocation, theapplication AIO posting in some embodiments has an attachedapplication-specified value or object, where, upon completion of eventhandler invocation, the application-specified value or object postedwith the I/O operation is used to identify the event.

In some embodiments, applications on the host system define andconfigure which handler to call upon the occurrence of events. Theapplication or system configuration, not the incoming message,identifies the event handler to call on the host. This arrangementenhances security as compared to prior active message systems where thehandlers to invoke are specified by the incoming message from thenetwork.

In some embodiments, all necessary event-processing information for anevent is provided in event handler API parameters when the systeminvokes the application handler, and thus no additional calls toindividual I/O operations are needed by the application to retrieveinformation or process the event.

As an example of such an API implementation, upon a network receiveevent, the event system would invoke the application handler accordingto an API prototype like the following:

onRecv(socket_descriptor, message, message_size, . . . )

The receiving socket is provided as an opaque handle as discussedpreviously. Received message content and message size are also providedas parameters. There is no need for the application to call recv( )either subsequent to receiving the event, or as a prior posting of AIOoperation.

In some embodiments, the message content can be provided as a pointer toone or more buffers, arranged in any form, along with the payload sizeof each buffer. Zero or more additional parameters may also be provided.In one embodiment, protocols are processed by the system before callingthe application handlers. In this way, received messages provide onlyapplication content to the application. This frees the application fromhandling protocol headers as compared to conventional message handlerAPI's. Alternatively, if an application requires, lower level protocolheaders may be included in the message provided to the application. Inone embodiment, applications are not required to have knowledge ofbuffer management, or to free I/O buffers or wrapper objects of suchbuffers.

As another example, upon an event requesting a network connection, thesystem invokes an application event handler using an API prototype likethe following:

onAccept(socket_to_be_accepted, listen_socket, . . . )

The socket to be accepted is provided to the application. The listeningsocket that the connection request is received on can also be provided.The sockets are all provided as opaque handles or descriptors or suchindirect reference forms as discussed previously. Zero or moreadditional parameters may also be provided. There is no need for theapplication to call accept( ) either subsequent to receiving the event,or as a prior posting of an AIO operation. Implementing the handlerwithout these other operations is sufficient.

Other examples follow the same methods just described. For each type ofevent or a class of event types, specialized application handler API'sare constructed in such a way that all information needed to process theevent is provided to the application at invocation of the applicationevent handler. The parameters are provided to the application in amanner that does not require application knowledge of internal datastructures used in protocol or stack implementations. In particular,system objects such as sockets, files, etc. are provided as opaquehandles or descriptors or other indirect reference forms.

In some embodiments, event handler API's provide multiple events in asingle application event handler call following the same methods asdescribed previously. List (e.g. list of sockets), array (e.g. array ofmessages), hash table, or any other forms and structures of packagingmultiple instances of parameters can be utilized. Alternatively, theparameters of one event can be organized in a structure, and a list orarray of event structures can be constructed. In some embodiments, thenumber of events provided in the event handler call is included.

These API's can be used in multiprocessing environments. For example,they can be used not only in direct invocation from the same eventsystem I/O polling and servicing thread that polls for, and discovers,I/O events, but also in event handler invocation in other threads. Otherthreads may include, for example, application threads, other systemthreads, or both that operate after events are queued to otherprocessors in both the queuing to application model and queuing tosystem model discussed previously. There may be one or more threads thatpoll for I/O events in parallel in the system, and event handlers usingthese new API's can be invoked from such polling threads in parallel.Other threads may include application threads, system threads, or both.This is in contrast to systems where the callback mechanism and API'scan only be used in a single thread that polls for I/O event from theNIC.

The names of the API functions above are by example, as they areprototypes for functions to be supplied by the application. The order,names, or forms of the parameters would thus be determined by the natureof the function supplied. Zero or more parameters in addition to theexample or described parameters may be provided. Return values will alsodepend on the function supplied. Parameters provided need not be a listof parameters, but can take other forms, such as members in a structure.

3.0 Application Polling in Conjunction with an Event Queue and a FastI/O System

In some embodiments, the event system combines one or more of thefollowing attributes: 1) an event system in conjunction with fast I/Othat delivers events to event queues; 2) scalable polling for eventsfrom the application irrespective of the number of file descriptors thatthe application may be interested in; and 3) absence of applicationprior posting of individual asynchronous I/O operations for eventdelivery. Conventional systems, in contrast, lack one or more of theseelements.

The embodiments described in this section include application pollingmodels where applications poll for events, generally in event processingloops executed by the application. This differs from event-driven modelsdescribed in section 2 where applications only supply the event handlersto be called. In application polling models, applications supply thepolling loops that continuously poll the event queues. The event queuesand event discovery and delivery to the event queues are supplied by thesystem.

The queues discussed in this section are event queues unless otherwiseindicated. To qualify as an event queue, first, the queue should be ableto receive I/O events. That is, the event system can enqueue I/O eventsonto such queue. This is distinct from other types of system queues,such as message queues or inter-process communication queues, which inconventional systems are separate from I/O systems and do not have I/Oevents delivered to them. Second, the queue should be able to receiveevents from multiple file descriptors. That is, the system can enqueueevents associated with multiple different file descriptors onto the sameevent queue. This is distinct from queues that are internal to a socketor to other file descriptor object implementations. For example, apacket queue or other queue that stores states of a socket is not anevent queue, as it belongs to a single file descriptor. As an eventqueue is a special case of a queue, the variety of ways, structures, andimplementations of queues generally are applicable.

In some embodiments, event queues can take events from multiple filedescriptors, multiple types, and multiple sources. For example, theevent queue may take events of multiple types and sources including, butnot limited to, network, block device I/O, file system, inter-processand inter-processor messages. An event queue may be specialized to takedelivery of events of a certain type, or a set of types, or a filedescriptor, or a set of file descriptors according to the configurationof the application. For example, the application may configure deliveryof only one socket's events to an event queue. This, however, isdifferent from the queue being associated with only one file descriptor.Event queues are capable of taking events from multiple filedescriptors, and any particular usage is at the discretion of theapplication. In contrast, queues of a socket object can only take eventsfrom one socket. In some embodiments, event queues may take delivery ofevents originated from multiple I/O devices, possibly mixed types ofdevices (e.g. network and storage devices). In some embodiments, eventqueues take delivery of events associated with any file descriptor, anytype, and any source.

Event queues are not to be literally regarded as queues that only takeevents. Event queues as disclosed herein can take the form of othertypes of queues. For example, the system may deliver an I/O event as atask to a task queue, or combined event and task scheduling queue. Thecontent of queuing in this case can be an event handler orevent-processing task that is directly enqueued as a task to beexecuted. The task queue, or combined event and task scheduling queue,or other equivalents, when they take delivery from the I/O event system,are equivalents of literal event queues. Similarly, the system maydeliver an I/O event as a message onto a message queue, or inter-processor inter-processor communication queue. When the message or IPC queuetake delivery from the I/O event system, their nature becomes alteredand they are no longer the usual message queue that is separate from theI/O systems, but instead, are an event queue in accordance with themeaning used in this disclosure. The content of queuing to an eventqueue or equivalents does not have to consist of only event objects, butcan be other types of objects (e.g. packets or messages), file segments,blocks read from disk or storage, tasks, etc.

One or more of such event queues may be implemented in an event system.For example, applications may configure events associated with one setof descriptors for delivery to event queue A, while events associatedwith another set of descriptors for delivery to event queue B, andevents associated with yet another set of descriptors for delivery toevent queue C, and so on. Accordingly, the event system can deliverevents to one or more of the event queues.

3.1 Event Queuing System in Conjunction with Fast I/O

Referring now to FIG. 10, the event queuing system, in accordance withsome embodiments, is implemented in conjunction with fast I/O systems1014. Event system polling mechanisms implemented in conjunction withfast I/O were discussed previously and such discussion incorporated hereby reference. Events discovered by the fast I/O event discovery methodsand system 1014 are enqueued 1012 to the event queue 1006. In someembodiments, the event system polling and I/O servicing threads 210directly enqueue the I/O events upon the discovery of events throughpolling I/O devices or virtual interfaces 238. In other embodiments, theevent system polls for I/O events passively when the application callsI/O or event polling functions 250. Upon discovery of I/O events throughsuch polling of I/O devices or virtual interfaces, the events areenqueued 1012 to event queues 1006. These combinations in conjunctionwith the delivery from the fast I/O event discovery mechanisms to theevent queues eliminates the interrupts and context-switching that areassociated with conventional I/O and event delivery paths in traditionaloperating systems, thus providing improved performance.

In some embodiments employing the passive polling methods 250, the eventsystem implements further event delivery optimizations. For example,when an application polls on an event queue by calling event pollingAPI's 1060, 1040, the underlying implementation polls for I/O events inresponse. After discovery of I/O events, the event system implementationdetermines whether the discovered events are destined to the event queuepolled by the application, and whether the event queue was empty (i.e.having no prior events that should be delivered to the applicationfirst) before the current incoming event. If the event discovered isdestined for the event queue polled by the application, and if the eventqueue was empty, then the discovered event is returned to theapplication without queuing to the event queue by putting the discoveredevent directly in the application polling function's return parameters.Otherwise, the event is enqueued to the appropriate event queue.

In either the passive or active I/O polling embodiments, polling of eachindividual file descriptor is not required. The maximum number of queuespolled does not increase linearly with the number of file descriptors.The number of event queues polled by the event system polling APIimplementation is constant. In some embodiments, the number of I/Odevice queues or virtual interface queues polled by the underlyingimplementation does not increase linearly with the number of filedescriptors the application is monitoring. More particularly, as thenumber of descriptors the application registers for delivery to an eventqueue, or the equivalent event polling method/mechanism increases, thenumber of I/O queues polled does not increase linearly with the numberof descriptors.

In some embodiments, the application polls through system-provided eventpolling API's 1040. The event system implementation of the eventdelivery and application polling mechanisms is distinct from traditionaloperating system event queues. Current operating system mechanisms suchas epoll( ) on UNIX, or I/O completion ports in Windows™, were built ona kernel event queue, with application polling context switching tokernel-space to retrieve events. In this embodiment, event delivery doesnot context switch, as event polling from the application-space does notneed to enter kernel-space, but rather, polls on event queues 1092implemented in shared memory 520.

The event system in conjunction with fast I/O event discovery 1014 maybe implemented in user-space or in kernel-space. The events discoveredby the fast I/O event discovery system 1014 are delivered into the eventqueues without context switching. In one embodiment, the fast I/O eventdiscovery system 1014 is implemented in the same address-space as theapplication. In this embodiment, the system, the event queue, and theapplication are in the same address-space as the application, thusenqueuing and dequeuing occur without context switching.

In some embodiments, the event system in conjunction with fast I/O eventdiscovery 1014 is implemented in user-space, but in differentaddress-space from the application. In another embodiment, the eventsystem in conjunction with the fast I/O event discovery system 1014 isimplemented in kernel-space. In both of these embodiments where theevent system in conjunction with fast I/O event discovery do not live insame address-space as the application, shared memory 520 can be used tocommunicate with the application-space. Shared memory 520 is mapped toboth the system address-space and the application address-space. Thisapplies whether the event system in conjunction with fast I/O eventdiscovery lives in user-space or in kernel-space. The event queues 1006and all related support structures 1008 reside in shared memory 520.Thus, both the application and the event system have direct access tothe queuing structures. Event objects (i.e. the content of enqueue) canalso be allocated from the shared memory 520. Enqueuing fromsystem-space to the event queue 1006 is accomplished through sharedmemory access, without context switching. Similarly, the applicationpolling API implementation (i.e. the dequeue or retrieve function) 1040is accomplished through the shared memory access, without contextswitching.

Shared memory alone offers minimal benefit over conventional operatingsystem event systems. It is the combination with a fast I/O eventdiscovery system 1014 that results in significant benefits. For example,event queues with shared memory structure have been implemented on topof, and integrated with, conventional operating system networking andI/O stack. Such event systems do not provide significant benefit overtraditional event queue mechanisms such as epoll( ) using just a kernelqueue without shared memory.

3.2 Scalable Polling for Events from Application-Space

Event polling by applications, in accordance with some embodiments, isscalable irrespective of the number of file descriptors that theapplication may be interested in. In some embodiments, the events frommultiple file descriptors are delivered to the same the event queue.Upon application polling, events are dequeued from the queue,irrespective of how many file descriptors there are. This is in contrastto methods that poll file descriptors.

Prior kernel-bypass fast network systems polled on each of the filedescriptors and checked the state of each of the underlying I/O objectsimplementing the descriptors. As the number of descriptors anapplication monitored increased, the level of polling (e.g. the numberof queues polled by the system) increased linearly with the number ofdescriptors. As a result, such polling models were not scalable acrossan increasing number of file descriptors. For example, in prior methodsthat implement epoll( ) API on top of fast networking, the underlyingimplementation was done by polling on lists of file descriptors, inother words, by polling the state of each of the underlying I/O objectsimplementing the descriptors. Such implementations were equivalent topoll( )-like API functions, the only difference being in the facadeitself. Where a poll( ) call would give the set of file descriptors inthe polling call, the epoll( ) interface would register the set of filedescriptors prior to the polling call with control calls such asepoll_ctl( ). In the underlying architecture of prior system, eachepoll( ) polling function invocation polled on the entire list ofdescriptors registered. Even with the epoll( ) facade, the underlyingimplementations were not scalable with increasing number of filedescriptors.

The event queue model implemented in some embodiments of this inventiondo not poll file descriptors. Instead, events are queued to, anddequeued from, the event queue using an event-based approach. Thecentral activity is the dequeuing of events rather than the polling offile descriptors. An event queue collects all the events associated withmultiple descriptors. The collection of events is accomplished by thefollowing mechanism:

-   -   a) implementing the event queue being outside of file descriptor        objects such as socket objects;    -   b) enqueuing the events onto the event queue as they are        discovered; and    -   c) allowing events associated with different file descriptors to        be enqueued on the same event queue.        Events are dequeued from the event queue at the time        applications poll for events. No polling of the individual        underlying I/O objects implementing descriptors occurs, and thus        the number of queues polled does not increase in relation to the        number of descriptors.

3.3 No Application Prior Posting of Individual Asynchronous I/OOperations

In some embodiments, the event system does not require applications toperform prior posting of individual asynchronous I/O operations forevent delivery. This is in contrast to AIO-like completion event models.In completion event models like AIO, the application must first post I/Ooperations by calling the asynchronous version of the I/O operation API,for example aio_read( ), aio_write( ), or send( ) and recv( )equivalents of such calls. Events are delivered after I/O operationshave been posted, and generally as completion events for the posted I/Ooperations. Completion models and programming interfaces like AIO workin this manner, regardless of where the binding to the completion queueoccurs. For example, the event queue for event delivery was provided andbound at every AIO call. Alternatively, binding to the event queueoccurred at the work queue or queue pair level (i.e. work queues tocompletion event queue binding). Regardless of where the bindingoccurred, these approaches all required individual asynchronous I/Ooperations to be posted before completion events could be delivered.

In contrast, the event queue model according to one embodiment does notrequire the application to perform prior posting of individual I/Ooperations. The application configures the delivery through the queuesystem once, and the events are delivered as they arrive withoutapplication prior posting of individual I/O operations. The systemprovides API's and other facilities for applications to configure eventdelivery to event queues. For example, the system can provideconfiguration API's where applications can specify the events of a filedescriptor to be delivered to an event queue of the event queue system.After one such configuration call, all future events of that filedescriptor are delivered to that event queue. Once configured, thesystem will deliver subsequent events upon events occurrences, ratherthan require an application to perform individual I/O operationpostings. Information such as destination of queuing are configured bythe application, and can be set for a file descriptor or set of filedescriptors, for a type or set of types, for virtual interfaces, queuepairs, work queues, etc., at a level that is higher than individual I/Ooperation, and in any combination thereof. More sophisticated rules,wild-cards, predicates, filters, etc. may be used in conjunction withthe basic configuration. In an alternate embodiment, the configurationis provided through configuration files or scripts. For all varieties ofconfiguration methods, prior posting of asynchronous I/O operations arenot required for event delivery.

4.0 Event Queuing Methods and Systems

In some embodiments, the event queuing system includes an event queue orequivalent structure, to which, an application enqueuesapplication-specific events or messages. Event queue definition andvariations of features, embodiments, as well as wide variety ofimplementations are described in section 3.0, and included here byreference. This system further provides methods that allow applicationsto enqueue application-specific events or messages onto the same queues,to which, the system delivers I/O events. In the event queuing systemaccording to this embodiment, both the I/O system and the applicationscan be sources of events.

One traditional event queue system is the I/O completion portimplementation in Windows™, which is distinct among such traditionaloperating system facilities, as it allows applications to enqueueevents. Such traditional systems were implemented on top of, andintegrated with, traditional operating system networking and I/O stacks.In addition, in traditional systems, application's enqueuing anddequeuing of events involves context switching.

In some embodiments, the event queuing system is implemented inconjunction with fast I/O and event discovery mechanisms described priorand incorporated here by reference. This eliminates the overheadassociated with interrupt and context-switching in traditional I/O andevent system architecture. In some embodiments, the event queuing systemuses shared memory and further eliminates context-switching associatedwith enqueuing and dequeung of events.

Referring now to FIG. 11A, in some embodiments, a queuing systemincludes both an I/O event source 1120 and an application event source1110. The I/O event system enqueues events to the event queue 1104, andthus acts as an event source 1120. Applications also enqueue events tothe event queue 1104, and thus acts as an additional event source 1110.The event queue 1104 can take events from at least both of these sources1110, 1120. The destination thread can poll the same event queue, andretrieve events from both the I/O and application sources 1140.

In various embodiments, event content is provided by applications in avariety of forms. In some of these embodiments, the application canenqueue and dequeue arbitrary application-specific objects. In some ofthese embodiments, event content provided by applications is dissimilarto I/O event content (e.g. the file descriptor that the I/O event isassociated with, the number of bytes of the transfer or network message,etc.), and can be any application content. Thus the event queuing systemcan be used for general-purpose, inter-process and inter-processorcommunication

4.1 Event Queuing Systems in Conjunction with Fast I/O

In some embodiments, the event queuing system is implemented inconjunction with fast I/O and event discovery systems. Event systemsimplemented in conjunction with fast I/O systems are described in detailin section 1 and included here by reference. I/O event discovery and theunderlying I/O can be implemented in any of the various embodimentsdescribed previously. For example, event discovery and I/O methods maybe accomplished through active polling methods or passive pollingmethods. Polling may be conducted through virtual interfaces or throughdirect I/O devices and device driver access. In the case of activemethods where there are one or more system polling and I/O servicingthreads continuously polling for I/O events, the system polling and I/Oservicing threads may be pinned or otherwise run on dedicatedprocessors. All these and various methods are described in detail insection 1.

Following event discovery, the events are delivered to the application,whether through queuing or invocation of the application event handlers.In these embodiments, event delivery methods are implemented inconjunction with the delivery of I/O events to dual-use queues whereapplications can enqueue application events in addition to the queuedI/O events. The application can then use the same methods for processingboth I/O events and inter-process or inter-processor communication.

In one embodiment, an application uses the event-driven methodsdescribed in section 2 to process I/O events and inter-process orinter-processor communication. I/O events, as well as inter-process andinter-processor communication events from application sources are allenqueued onto the same event queue. An event system supplied destinationpolling thread 424 polls for events from the event queue. Upon retrievalof events, the polling thread calls the appropriate application eventhandler. The retrieved event may be an I/O event, in which case theapplication event handler registered for the I/O event will be called.The retrieved event can be an inter-process or inter-processorcommunication, in which case the application event handler registeredfor the application-specific communication will be called. Theapplication can use a uniform set of methods and supply event handlersto be executed on desired processors or threads, thus handling allevents as opposed to having to use disparate systems and methods, as wasthe case in conventional systems.

In another embodiment, applications use the application polling methodsdescribed in section 3 to process I/O events and inter-process orinter-processor communications. Both I/O events and inter-process orinter-processor communication events from application sources areenqueued onto the same event queue. In this case, applications poll theevent queue for events. The retrieved event may be an I/O event, or aninter-process or inter-processor communication. The application can usethe same event polling-loop thread to handle all events, as opposed tohaving to use disparate systems and methods as was the case inconventional systems.

4.2 Shared Memory Enqueuing and Dequeuing Without Context Switching

In one embodiment, the destination is in the same address-space as theenqueue application thread. This occurs, for example, when one thread ofan application wants to communicate to another thread of that sameapplication. In another embodiment, the destination of the queuingoperation is another application that lives in a different address-spacefrom the enqueue application. In yet another embodiment, the destinationof the queuing operation is part of the system that lives in systemaddress-space. For example, an application may want to send a message tothe system, or to an application event handler or task running on asystem thread.

In various embodiments that implement the event queuing system, eventenqueuing and dequeuing by applications occurs without contextswitching. When the destination of the queuing operation lives in thesame address-space as the enqueue application, event delivery occurswithout context switching by virtue of living in the same address-space.When the destination of the queuing operation lives in a differentaddress-space from the application, whether in user-space orkernel-space, shared memory is used to achieve event delivery withoutcontext switching. Shared memory is mapped to both the enqueuingapplication's address-space and the destination address-space. Theshared memory region mapped includes at least the event queue, and mayinclude some or all supporting structures for the enqueuing andretrieval of events. In some embodiments, supporting structures includeevent objects to be enqueued and allocated from the shared memory space.Both the enqueueing application and the destination can have directaccess to the event queue using shared memory. Thus, both the enqueueoperation from the enqueueing application, and the event retrievaloperation from the destination occurs without context switching. Thus,it can be said that event delivery to a destination occurs withoutcontext switching.

With respect to FIG. 11A, since both the application and the I/O eventsystem can be a source of events, there can be multiple delivery routesto the same event queue and destination. There is a distinct deliveryroute from the application event source as described previously. Sharedmemory is also used as a method of event delivery from the I/O eventsystem source. Shared memory embodiments of event queues and eventdelivery from the I/O event system to the application are described bothin section 2 and section 3 for the event-driven model and applicationpolling model respectively, and are included here by reference.

Referring now to FIG. 11B, in some embodiments, shared memory consistsof a three-way mapping. First, memory is mapped into the inter-processor inter-processor event source application's address-space 1156.Another mapping of the shared memory is made into the fast I/O eventpolling and discovery system's address-space 1152. Finally, anothermapping of the shared memory is made into the destination application'saddress-space 1154. In some embodiments, the shared memory 1150 may benative to one of the above address-spaces, thus no mmap( ) or equivalentcall is needed to access the memory, and thus two actual mappingoperations are performed to form the three-way mapping arrangement.

In some embodiments, one or more of each of the above address spaces mayexist in a system. The shared-memory mapping in these cases is an n-waymapping. Event delivery methods of the I/O event system are independentof the shared memory mechanism for enqueuing application events.

In some embodiments, the same event queue 1104 is accessible frommultiple routes, whether such routes are from the enqueuing applicationor from the I/O event system, and thus this same event queue 1104 can beused by the destination application for monitoring of both I/O events aswell as inter-processor and inter-process events 1162.

4.3 Application Event Queuing API and Methods

Various embodiments that implement the event queuing system provideevent queuing API's for applications to enqueue their events onto theevent queues. Referring now to FIG. 11C, in some embodiments,applications specify the event queues 1104 to deliver the applicationevents to using these API's 1172. A queue may be specified in the formof an opaque handle, file descriptor, or other form of indirectreference to the queue. Alternatively, the queue objects can bereferenced directly using a pointer or other direct reference.

In some other embodiments, instead of specifying queues, applicationsspecify the threads or processors to deliver the application events tousing the API. For example, if the application wants to communicate toanother thread running on different processors within the same processaddress-space, the application can specify the target destinationprocessor ID or thread ID. The enqueued application event will bedelivered to an event queue associated with the destination processor orthread. One or more threads or processors may be associated with anevent queue. The destination thread on the target processor will pollthe event queue and retrieve the inter-processor communication. In someembodiments, applications may specify the process in addition to eventqueue or processor information. For example, if the event queue orprocessor information implemented in the system does not already includeprocess information, when enqueuing to a different process oraddress-space, the system-provided event enqueue API 1170 may haveadditional parameters to specify the destination process for delivery ofthe application event. In various embodiments, the API' s may allow theapplication to specify queues, processors, threads, or processes todeliver the events to, and in any form, including, for example, pointersor direct references to the queues, id's, handles, descriptors, or otherforms of indirect references.

The event queuing API can also allow applications to provide eventcontent, which can take a variety of forms, from members in eventstructures to lists of parameters of event content, and in anycombination thereof. There may be many forms of API's or API sets thatallow applications to specify the event or multiple events to deliver tothe queue or multiple queues, processor or multiple processors, threador multiple threads, process or multiple processes, and in anycombination thereof. Applications, systems, or both may poll for eventson such event queues, and thus receive one or more application-generatedand queued events, I/O events, and other queued items.

In various embodiments, the event queuing API implementation supportsconcurrent multi-processor and multi-entity access to the event queuingsystem. Such concurrent access can be achieved by implementing any of avariety of standard methods including concurrent data structures,locking, separate per-processor queues, and any other methods orcombination of methods that allow multiple parties to enqueue or dequeueconcurrently.

In various alternative embodiments, instead of using event queuing API'sprovided by the event system, applications use API's and methodsassociated with queue objects to enqueue events. For example, if thequeue is a concurrent queue object, an enqueue method associated withthe concurrent queue can be used rather than the event queuing API.Applications can also use API's and methods associated with the queueobjects to dequeue events rather than use the event polling API'sprovided by the event system. In these embodiments, the event queuingoccurs through calls to the API's of the queue object itself. As aresult, the system does not need to provide the event queuing APIdescribed above.

In one example of an alternative embodiment, applications specify aqueue as an event queue. Applications then invoke methods of the queueto enqueue events. For example, referring to FIG. 11D, an application Acreates a queue Q 1104, and specifies it as an event queue for deliveryof I/O events 1181. In this case, the application has reference to thequeue Q. The system provides functionality to register the queue Q forI/O event delivery, and thus the queue Q is now an event queue 1180.When application event source B enqueues events for delivery to A 1183,B can use the methods of queue Q to enqueue events onto the queue Q.

In another example of an alternative embodiment, the system providesapplications with references to system-provided event queues. Referringto FIG. 11E, the system-provided functionality gives the reference ofthe event queue Q 1104 to the application 1190. When the applicationevent source B enqueues events for delivery to A 1183, B can use themethod of queue Q to enqueue events. In both of the examples, it is notnecessary for the system to provide the event queuing API, but instead,provides other functionality. For example, the system allowsapplications to specify the queue to be used as the event queue for I/Oevents, or provides applications with an event queue reference,achieving the same objective of allowing application to enqueue eventsonto dual-use queues that handle both application events and I/O events.

In some embodiments, the system provides event queuing API's inconjunction with one or more of the above facilities, thus allowingapplications to use both the event queuing API and the queue object APIto enqueue and dequeue.

4.2 Event Queuing Methods Applicable to Traditional I/O

The event queuing methods disclosed previously, including the sharedmemory enqueue and dequeue methods that occur without context switchingand the event queuing API methods, can be applied to traditionaloperating systems and I/O architectures. The memory region that includesthe event queue is mapped into the application space of both theenqueuing and dequeuing applications. Some features of the event queuingAPI, for example, allowing applications to specify specific threads orprocessors for event enqueuing, can be added to traditional operatingsystems. The methods for providing applications enqueue capabilitiesthrough queue-related API's can be implemented in conjunction withtraditional operating systems, thus enhancing the flexibility of thesystem in a manner similar to that of the embodiment using fast I/Opreviously described.

5.0 Event Distribution and Event Filtering

In some embodiments, event system mechanisms distribute events tomultiple destinations. Event systems as related to the subject matter ofevent distribution in this invention in particular, when implemented onthe host computer as opposed to inside peripheral hardware such as in aNIC, are more applicable to general-purpose applications. Eventdistribution features on host computers provide applications withpowerful control of parallel processing on processor cores of the CPU's,especially in light of advanced microprocessor technology implemented inmulti-core CPU's. Event distribution implemented on the host computer,along with the many facilities of the event system as well as theoverall host computer programming environment can be of more use toapplications than distribution features implemented inside peripheralhardware. In contrast, distribution features inside peripheral hardwarestop at the device queue level. Applications running on the hostcomputer, generally do not have access to device queues but go throughoperating system services, and thus are still limited by the slowtraditional I/O and event system. Some of these embodiments remove theperformance barrier for applications by providing a fast and scalableevent system implemented on the host system that is directly accessibleby applications running those systems.

In some embodiments, the destinations of event distribution are eventqueues or equivalents. To qualify as an event queue, the queue should beable to take events from multiple file descriptors. That is, the systemcan enqueue events associated with multiple different file descriptorsonto the same event queue. This is distinct from queues that areinternal to a socket (or other file descriptor object) implementation,such as a packet queue or other queue that store states that belongs toa single file-descriptor. Equivalents of event queues, such as scheduleor task queues may also be used. Such equivalents are not internal to,or only associated with, a single file descriptor object, such as asocket, and an equivalent system implementation may choose to enqueueevent handler functions as tasks onto task or schedule queues. Eventqueue and equivalents are described in detail in section 3, andincorporated here by reference.

In some embodiments, the event system delivers the events upon eventarrival, without requiring application prior posting of asynchronous I/Ooperations. The application configures the event distribution to themultiple destinations once, and the events are delivered to the multipledestinations as they arrive without prior posting of individual I/Ooperations by the application. The system provides API's and otherfacilities for applications to configure event distribution to multipledestinations. Examples of event distribution configuration are describedlater in section 5 and are incorporated here by reference. Onceconfigured, the system will deliver subsequent events upon eventsoccurrences, rather than require an application to perform individualI/O operation postings. This is in contrast to prior designs using thecompletion queue event model. In the post-and-complete event model,applications had to post asynchronous I/O operations first, beforecompletion events for the prior posted I/O operations could bedelivered. The posting of I/O operations were generally at theindividual I/O operations levels, for example, when application callrecv( ) or equivalent APIs such as aio_read( ). Event delivery had towait for application posting. In addition, when the event queue was alsospecified at the individual I/O posting level, the event queue for eventdelivery had to be bound at each and every I/O operation call. Eventhough such system could theoretically deliver events to multiple eventqueues, for example by giving different event queues in each differentI/O operation posting call, the event system would be very inefficientbecause of the overhead of posting every individual I/O operations andbinding event queue at every individual I/O operation posting.

In some embodiments, the events are distributed such that each of themultiple event queues receives a subset of the events. One advantage ofthis mode of event distribution is to scale the event processing onmultiple processors, where each processor process a portion of the totalnumber of events, and the whole event stream is processed much faster asa result of multiple processors processing concurrently in parallel.Referring now to FIG. 12, in some embodiments, the event systemdistributes incoming events 1202 to a plurality of queues 1204, 1205,where each queue receives a subset of these events. Associatedprocessors or threads 1206, 1207 for a particular queue process theevents or tasks in that queue. Thus, the events are distributed to andprocessed by multiple processors in parallel. This mode of distributionis referred to as the “scaling distribution” mode.

In some embodiments, the events are distributed such that each of theevents is sent to multiple event queues. For example, when the systemreceives an event E, this event E is sent to multiple event queues, forexample, event queue Q1 and Q2. When processor P1 polls Q1, P1 retrievesand processes the event E. When processor P2 polls Q2, P2 also retrievesand processes the event E. In this case, the whole stream of events isnot be processed faster by P1 and P2 acting concurrently in parallel.Instead, P1 and P2 each process the same events. This mode ofdistribution is referred to as “duplicate distribution”. This mode ofdistribution offers applications flexibility in processing methods. Forexample, applications can use several different application algorithmsto process the same set of events. The application can use this mode ofdistribution to process the same events on several different threads orprocessors, each running a different algorithm.

The different modes of event distribution can be combined. For example,an event system can implement both of the above example modes of eventdistribution, and the application can choose one or more modes to usefor a particular set of events upon application configuration of eventdistribution. For example, an application may choose to use the scalingmode of distribution on one set of events, where each event queuereceives a subset of the total number of events. On another set ofevents, the application may choose to send the same events to multiplequeues where it can process these same events using differentapplication algorithms.

In each of these modes of distribution, the objects of distribution canbe I/O events or other types of objects (e.g. packets, messages, filesegments, blocks read from disk or storage, tasks, or other objects). Insome cases, the destinations specified by the application whenconfiguring event distribution may not be event queues or equivalentqueues, but instead, may be other objects, for example, processors,threads, and processes. In such cases, the event system will choose theevent queues or equivalents associated with the destinations. Eventdistribution configuration is further described later in section 5.

5.1 Event Distribution in Conjunction with Fast I/O

Event systems implemented in conjunction with fast I/O have beendescribed in section 1 and are included here by reference. In addition,the event system implements and offers applications the choice of usingmultiple event queues. After event discovery according to one of thedescribed methods in conjunction with fast I/O, the system distributesthe events to multiple event queues. In one embodiment, the event systememploys an I/O event polling thread 410 that continuously polls for I/Oevents and enqueues the events to the appropriate event queues uponevent discovery.

In some embodiment, upon discovery of an event, the event system selectsone queue from a plurality of event queues to enqueue the discoveredevent according to the application configuration and distributionmethod. Each event goes to one queue, and each of the multiple eventqueues and destination processors receive a subset of the events. Theentire stream of events is processed faster by multiple processorsacting in parallel, thus scaling distribution.

In some other embodiments, upon discovery of an event, the systemenqueues the discovered event to multiple event queues according to theapplication configuration and distribution method. Each event goes tomultiple queues and is in turn processed by multiple threads, possiblyeach running a different algorithm and thus achieving duplicatedistribution. An event system may include one or more, or anycombination of, these event distribution modes.

Referring now to FIG. 13A, in some embodiments, event distributionmechanisms are combined with the event polling model of eventprocessing. The event polling model and mechanisms are described indetail in section 3 and incorporated here by reference. Eventsdiscovered by fast I/O event polling and discovery mechanisms 1014 aredistributed on to multiple event queues 1302. These multiple eventqueues 1204, 1205 are polled by application threads running on differentprocessors 1306, 1307. The application threads or processors poll andretrieve the queued events in parallel, and thus effect event processingin parallel.

In some embodiments, event distribution mechanisms are combined with theevent-driven model of event processing. The event-driven model andmechanisms are described in detail in section 2 and incorporated here byreference. Referring now to FIG. 13B, for example, events discoveredfrom fast I/O event polling and discovery mechanisms 1014 aredistributed on to multiple event queues 1302. These multiple eventqueues 1204, 1205 are in turn polled by system-supplied polling threadsat the destinations running on different processors 1316, 1317. Thesethreads or processors poll and retrieve the queued events and in turninvoke application event handlers in parallel 1318, 1319, and thuseffect event processing in parallel. These system-supplied pollingthreads at the destinations that poll on the event queues may execute ineither the application address-space or the system address-space. Whencombined with the event-driven mechanism with queuing to application,described in section 2.1.1, the system-supplied polling threads at thedestinations that poll on the event queue reside in applicationaddress-space. When combined with the event-driven mechanism withqueuing to system, described in section 2.1.2, the system-suppliedpolling threads at the destinations that poll on the event queue residein system address-space.

Event-driven mechanism with direct invocation methods, as described insection 2.1.3, can also be implemented in conjunction with eventdistribution. In some embodiments of this combination, instead ofdistributing to multiple event queues, hardware IPC mechanisms are usedto distribute the execution of application event handlers onto multipleprocessors. The event handlers are executed in parallel on multipleprocessors, and thus effect event processing in parallel. Hardware IPCmechanisms that invoke application event handlers as tasks are describedin section 2.1.3.1 and in section 8, and are incorporated here byreference.

5.2 Configuration of Event Distribution

In some embodiments of the event system, applications configure thedistribution functionality through system-provided configuration API's.In some embodiments, one or more file-descriptor object's events may beconfigured for distribution to a set of destinations. Thefile-descriptors, for example, may be sockets, files, block devices andstorage, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, one or moretypes of events may be configured for distribution to a set ofdestinations. Further, any combination of one or more file-descriptorsand types of events may be configured for distribution to a set ofdestinations. For example, the various embodiments of configuration canprovide the following mappings:

-   -   a) File-descriptors to destinations mapping:    -   [file-descriptor, set of destinations]    -   In this example, events of a file-descriptor object (e.g. a        socket), are distributed to the set of destinations.    -   [set of file-descriptors, set of destinations]    -   In this example, events of multiple file-descriptor objects        (e.g. a set of sockets), are distributed to the set of        destinations;    -   b) File-descriptors in conjunction with event-types to        destinations mapping.    -   The ability to configure type-specific distribution provides        additional control of multiprocessing operations. Application        may configure different types of events of a descriptor object        for delivery to one or more different destinations.    -   [file-descriptor, event-type, set of destinations]    -   In this example, a type of event of a file-descriptor object        (e.g. receive events of a socket), is distributed to the set of        destinations. For example, the application may configure receive        events of a socket for distribution to multiple destinations,        while configure connections accept events of the socket to be        sent to another destination.    -   [set of file-descriptors, event-type, set of destinations]    -   In this example, a type of event of multiple file-descriptor        objects is distributed to the set of destinations.    -   [file-descriptor, set of event-types, set of destinations]    -   In this example, multiple types of events of a file-descriptor        object are distributed to the set of destinations.    -   [set of file-descriptors, set of event-types, set of        destinations]    -   In this example, multiple types of events of multiple        file-descriptor objects are distributed to the set of        destinations; and    -   c) Event-types to destinations mapping independent of        file-descriptor:    -   [event-type, set of destinations]    -   In this example, a type of event independent of file-descriptor        is distributed to the set of destinations. For example, all        receive events of an application are distributed to the set of        destinations, irrespective of the socket.    -   [set of event-types, set of destinations]    -   In this example, multiple types of events independent of        file-descriptor are distributed to the set of destinations.

The set of destinations may be one or more event queues, processors,threads, or processes, or any combination thereof. In the cases wheredestinations of the configuration are not event queues, for example,processors, threads, or processes, the system will select theappropriate event queues associated with the destination processors,threads, or process. The association of processors, threads, or processto event queues may vary widely depending on implementation. Forexample, the processors, threads, or process may poll on the associatedevent queues. One event queue may be associated with one thread orprocessor. In this case, when the configuration specifies a processor asone of the destinations for distribution, the event system selects theone associated event queue for that thread or processor. One event queuemay be associated with multiple threads or processors (e.g. P1 and P2)which both poll on the event queue Q1. When the specified destinationsinclude P1, P2, and another processor P3 that is associated with Q2, theevent system selects event queues Q1 and Q2 for distribution of theevents.

Thus, as above described, applications can configure the distribution ofevents to a specific set of event queues, processors or threads. Thisprovides applications with fine-grained control over multiprocessingoperations. In some embodiments, in addition to the above basicconfigurations, more sophisticated rules, wild-cards, predicates,filters, etc. are used for configuration.

In some embodiments, configuration information is provided as parametersto configuration functions. In another embodiment, configurationinformation is provided as members in structures that are then providedas parameters to configuration functions. API's can be system functionsthat are called from application programs. Alternatively, initializationfiles, configuration files, or scripts, all of which can includeequivalent functions, may provide the configurations.

In some embodiments, configuration semantics include one or moreconfiguration functions such as add, delete, set or replace, and modify.For example, when a first application configuration maps a set ofdestinations D1 to socket A, events of socket A will be distributed tothe set of destinations D1. If a next configuration also specifiessocket A with a different set of destinations D2, the system may offerone or more of the following semantics:

a) Add

In this case, the system adds D2 to the set of distributiondestinations, and thus events of socket A will now be distributed toD1+D2. If the system also offers merge in conjunction with addsemantics, the set of destinations D1 can overlap with the set ofdestinations D2, and the system will merge the two sets of destinations.

b) Set or Replace

In this case, the binding with this latest configuration succeeds, andthe system will change the event distribution destinations for socket Ato D2.

In some embodiments, the configuration of multiple distributiondestinations can be accomplished by using add semantics in conjunctionwith single destination mapping. For example, for the firstconfiguration, one destination is given, and for a second configurationwith add semantics, the second destination is given, and so on. Thetotal set of destinations can be cumulative based on multipleconfigurations. Delete, modify, and other semantics for configurationmay be provided by the system. In some of these embodiments, the systemimplements multiple such semantics, and applications can specify whichare applied in a particular configuration.

In various embodiments, the binding of destinations occurs at a higherlevel than individual I/O operation posting. For example, mapping at thelevels of file-descriptors and event types are above individual I/Ooperation posting. Such configuration may also be set at otherequivalent levels that are higher than individual I/O operation posting.Setting destination configuration at this higher level, in conjunctionwith event delivery including event distribution, without applicationprior posting of I/O operations, results in system efficiency.

In some embodiments, the configuration is explicit, meaning the bindingof destinations is not dependent or limited by the threads calling theconfiguration functions, and hence any thread can configure the deliveryof events to any destination, including self and any other destinations.This explicit configuration is in contrast to the implicit configurationin traditional operating system. In some traditional event systems, whena thread called the configuration function to declare interest on afile-descriptor object, the calling thread was added to the list ofdestinations where the events associated with that file-descriptor wouldbe delivered. The traditional event system provided no other way for anapplication to specify distribution destinations. This form ofconfiguration only allowed the addition of self for event delivery, andwas limiting. In contrast, with some embodiments of this invention,applications can provide any set of distribution destinations with callsfrom any application thread. Explicit configuration can be provided bysupplying API's implementing the configuration functions described abovein this section, where the event distribution destinations areexplicitly given in API parameters, a configuration file, orequivalents, without limiting the event distribution destinationspecified in an API call to the caller thread alone.

5.3 Additional Event Distribution Features

In some embodiments, one type of event of a file-descriptor I/O objectcan be distributed to multiple destinations. Referring now to FIG. 14,for example, applications can configure the distribution of all receiveevents of a socket 1450 to multiple destinations. The system thendistributes the receive events to multiple event queues 1204, 1205 whichmay in turn be polled by multiple processors 1206, 1207 that process theevents concurrently. This capability provides for parallel processing ofthe receive events. Applications may, for example, additionallyconfigure the distribution of other types of events of the socket to goto another event queue 1418 potentially different from the event queueswhere receive events are distributed, and which may in turn be polled bya different processor 1419. This is distinct from the mere splitting ofevents of a socket by type, where all receive events go to one queue,and all connection accept events go to another queue. In such splittingby event type, one type of event is only sent to a single queue,something that is not beneficial to the multiprocessing of one type ofevent. By contrast, distribution of one type of event of a single filedescriptor to multiple event queues, processors or threads providebenefits for concurrent processing of that type of event on multipleprocessors.

5.4 Methods of Event Distribution

Conventional event systems lack distribution methods that can scale theevent processing activity. For example, one way traditional eventsystems selected threads was by selecting the first eligible threadamong all threads that declared interest, for example, the first threadsitting in the wait queue waiting for events. This method only workedwell in the heavily context-switched environment of traditionaloperating systems, and did not scale processing in concurrentenvironments where multiple processors acted in parallel. Yet anotherapproach found in traditional event systems was to send every event toall threads that declared interest. If M threads were in the system anddeclared interest, each of the events would be processed M times. A setof N events would be processed N×M times, rather than processed fastergiven multiple processors. This served only to duplicate the processing.

In contrast, the event distribution methods dislosed herein act to scalethe processing to multiple processors. In some embodiments, thesedistribution methods are used in conjunction with the scalingdistribution mode, where each of the multiple destinations receive asubset of the events, and the multiple destinations, such as threads,that run on multiple processors poll the event queues and process theevents concurrently in parallel, thus whole sets of events can beprocessed much more quickly given multiple processors.

5.4.1 Round-Robin Distribution Method

In some embodiments, the event system uses a round-robin method todistribute the events to the set of multiple destinations. Referring nowto FIG. 15A, in one of these embodiments, the event system selects afirst destination for delivery of a first event 1502. The firstdestination is selected based on a destination algorithm 1504. Thisalgorithm may include selecting from a list of destinations (e.g.selecting the first or any predetermined one of a list of destinations),selecting a destination at random, or selecting a destination based onsome other criteria. The system stores the selection, for example, bystoring, in a variable 1506, the position or the index of thedestination selected among the list of destinations. The stored variableis a variable that remains accessible across multiple executions of thedestination selection algorithm.

As an example, let I=the stored variable representing the index of lastselection among the list of destinations. When a second event arrives1508, the event system selects the next destination based on the storedprior destination selection 1510. For example, if the stored variable isthe index of the last selection in the list of destinations, the nextselection increments the index such that I=I+1. The system stores thelatest selection in the same variable replacing the old selection. Withthe arrival of each subsequent event, destination selection follows thissame method and selects the next index in the list. When the variablethat stores the selection reaches the end of the list of destinations,the next selection wraps around to be the first index in the list ofdestinations. Thus, the basic round-robin method distributes the eventsevenly among the list of destinations without having to retrieve andanalyze load information. Variations of the basic round-robin method canbe implemented that achieve similar results.

In some embodiments, the basic round-robin method is augmented withprocessor location and communication cost information 1512. When thedestination processor is located on the same processor package as theevent system thread enqueuing or delivering the event, the communicationcosts are potentially low. If on the other hand, the destinationprocessor is located on a different processor package (e.g. crossCPU-socket in a multi-CPU-socket machine or NUMA machine), thecommunication costs are potentially high. In some embodiments, the eventsystem implements an augmented round-robin method where the destinationswith lower communication costs are selected more frequently than thedestinations with higher communication costs 1512. For example, forevery 1 event distributed to a destination with higher communicationcosts, there can be N (N>1) events distributed to a destination withlower communication costs. The choice of N can be, for example,proportional to the estimation of the relative communication costs.

In some embodiments, the round-robin method is combined withdistribution methods that retrieve and consult load information 1514, asdescribed in section 5.4.2. For example, round-robin selection methodsselect among processors having lower communication costs. Loadinformation is retrieved. When the load on the selected processorexceeds certain thresholds, the selection method is instead based onload information as, for example, described in section 5.4.2. When basedon load information, the selection of processors can include both thosehaving low and high costs of communication.

In some embodiments, the selection of the distribution destination usingthe round-robin method is augmented with cache-affinity analysis 1516.Methods analyzing cache-affinity are described in section 5.4.3. In oneembodiment of this combination, if the current event exhibitscache-affinity with regard to the last event, then the same destinationused for the last event distribution is selected. The variable thatstores the last event destination is used to choose the same destinationas the last event. If the current event does not exhibit cache-affinity,the basic round-robin method can be used to select the destination.

5.4.2 Load Balancing Distribution Method

Referring now to FIG. 15B, in some embodiments, upon the discovery ofevents 1520, the event system consults load information 1522 and selectsan event delivery destination based on this analysis 1524. In some ofthese embodiments, the system maintains load information with respect toeach destination. Load information can consist of a single parametersuch as the destination queue length, or it can be computed frommultiple of parameters. One example of computed load informationinvolves computations based on one or more parameters such as queuelength, time elapsed since last dequeuing operation, communication costto the destination non-uniform memory access processor, etc. The formulafor computing the load can vary, ranging from such calculations as asimple approximation by destination queue length, to more complexmulti-dimensional complex formula.

Examples of such formulas include:

-   -   L=Q, where L=Load and Q=Queue Length    -   if (processor core is on the same processor package and the        communication cost is low)    -   Then L=Q    -   else L=C*Q, where L=Load, Q=Queue Length, and C=estimated        communication cost across processor package (e.g. cross        CPU-socket in a multi-CPU-socket machine or NUMA machine).

Another example of such a formula could look like the following:

L=T*Q*C, or L=T+Q*C

-   -   L=Load, Q=Queue Length, T=Time elapsed since last dequeue        operation, C=estimated communication cost Communication cost        would be different for different processors. For example C in        the same processor package may be low, while C across processor        packages may be high.

Any formula that consults parameters for load information may be used.The above are just examples of the many variations that animplementation can implement.

Referring now to FIG. 15B, in some embodiments, prior to distribution ofan event or a group of events, the system retrieves and consults theload information 1522, selects a destination with relatively low load1524 based on this information, and then directs the events to theselected destination 1526. The system may determine a destination ashaving a low load in a variety of ways, including, for example, havingthe lowest load or having a load below a predetermined threshold. Thelowest load may not be the absolute lowest load, but may be anapproximation or otherwise imprecise estimation. Additionally, multiplethreshold levels can be used for determining the destination ofdistribution.

In some embodiments, a plurality of methods are used in combination, forexample, combining a simple selection method or guess with moreexpensive methods such as selecting the lowest load destination. A firstdestinations selection is made, possibly at random. If the firstselection is at or below a predetermined threshold level, then the firstselection succeeds and is selected as the destination for delivery ofthe event. One or more of selection attempts can be made, for example,where a first selection did not produce a qualified destination.Different implementations can use different methods and thresholds todecide how many selection attempts of this type are made beforedetermining the failure of these attempts and switching to anothermethod. When it is decided that the attempts fail to produce a qualifieddestination, the system switches to using the lowest load estimate toselect the destination. The system may use a variety of computations andalgorithms to select the destination, including combination ofrandomized and non-randomized algorithms.

In some of these embodiments, the system generates runtime updates forthe attributes used in calculations or formulae of load information,resulting in dynamic adjustment of, and therefore more accurate, loadestimates. For example, after distributing one or more events 1526, thesystem updates attributes for the selected destination or destinations,where the attributes are used in load information determinations. Insome embodiments, the system may update and compute destination load atpredetermined intervals to reduce the cost of maintaining loadinformation 1528.

Load balancing need not result in a complete and perfectly balancedload. Rather, the goal of load balancing can be selection ofdestinations with relatively low load, or attempting to avoidoverloading high-load or highest load. For example, when some processorsthat are processing events have a relatively low load while otherprocessors have been idle, the system may continue to direct events tothe same processors, as long as the load on these same processors arerelatively low, while leaving the idle processors idle. Such animplementation choice can provide improved cache-affinity behavior as aresult of opting not to completely balance the load by directing eventsto the other idle processors. Such choices, after consulting loadinformation, do not violate load balancing principles, and are anappropriate implementation in conjunction with other considerations suchas efficiency of the system and implementation.

5.4.3 Cache-Affinity Distribution Method

In some embodiments, the event system directs events to the samedestination as recent prior events that have the same or overlappingmemory or cache memory access. In some embodiments, the event systemmaintains a memory access profile. The profile can be generated based oninformation from various sources. For example, the protocol and the filedescriptor object of an event can readily be obtained from a networkevent by parsing headers of the packet. Such information would indicateat least some of the memory accessed during processing. Other memoryaccess profile information can come from accessing the content of anevent (e.g. packet payload message). Yet other memory access profileinformation may come from monitoring the memory access of executingprograms. These are just some examples of memory access profileinformation sources. In some embodiments, one or more of these sourcesor methods are used to gather the memory access profile of past eventsand to estimate the memory access profile for incoming events. Animplementation may use a wide variety of methods to gather suchinformation.

In some embodiments, the event system maintains a memory access profileto distribution destination mapping. The number of mappings maintainedcan vary. In some embodiments, for example, an implementation may chooseto maintain only a single mapping (e.g. the last mapping). In someembodiments, for example, an implementation may choose to maintain atable of multiple mappings. The table may be implemented using a varietyof data structures, such as hash tables, lists, arrays, etc. The mappinginformation may also be embedded in other structures, for example, infile-descriptor objects, event queues, other queues, or other objects,and thus the table of mappings may not literally appear as a table inactual implementations, but can be various combinations of structures.

Referring now to FIG. 15C, in some embodiments, when an event arrives1530, the event system selects the destination based on the estimatedmemory access profile of this event. The event system retrieves thestored mapping of existing memory access profiles to destinations 1531.The estimated memory access profile is compared to the stored mapping ofexisting memory access profiles 1532. If the incoming event's memoryaccess profile exhibits similarity or overlap with one of the existingmemory access profiles, the destination stored for the existing memoryprofile is selected as the destination for this incoming event 1533. Theevent system then distributes the event to the selected destination1534.

In some embodiments, the cache-affinity distribution method is used inconjunction with other distribution methods. For example, when theincoming event's memory access profile does not match any storedexisting memory access profile, the event system may choose some othermethod to select the destination for the event. In some embodiments, thecache-affinity method is used first to determine the distributiondestination 1532. When it is determined that the incoming event does notexhibit cache-affinity with respect to any stored memory access profile,the incoming event is distributed using one or more different methods1535, including the round-robin method as described in section 5.4.11536, consulting load information as described in section 5.4.2 1537,and random selection from a list of destinations 1538.

Referring now to FIG. 15D, in some embodiments, cache-affinity orflow-affinity are combined with the load information based distributionmethod as described previously. After selecting a destination based oncache-affinity 1540, 1541, 1542, the system determines if thedestination's load is high (e.g. the load has exceeded a predeterminedthreshold) 1547. If the load is not high, the system distributes theevent to the destination 1534. If the load is high, the system thenselects a new destination 1546 based on consulting load information 1522as described in section 5.4.2.

In some embodiments, the system updates the memory profile todestination mapping 1545 after event distribution. This occurs, forexample, when an event memory profile did not exist in the storedmapping for a distributed event, or when a new destination is selectedafter consulting load information, Subsequently, the event system usesthe updated mappings for future distribution decisions.

5.4.4 Flow-Affinity Distribution Method

Flow-affinity is concerned with distributing events belonging to a giventraffic flow to the same processors or queues where recent prior eventsof that same traffic flow have been directed. In embodimentsimplementing a flow affinity method, the system maintainsflow-to-destination mapping information. A flow can be identified usingthe header fields of the event. For example, in IP networking, a flow isidentified by 5-tuples (protocol, source-address, source-port,destination-address, destination-port), or a subsets of these tuples.

Referring now to FIG. 15E, in some embodiments, for each arriving event1530, the system retrieves flow-to-destination mapping information 1550.The system compares the incoming event's flow information to the storedflow information 1551. If the flow matches one of the existing flows,the destination stored for that existing flow is selected as thedestination 1552. The event system then distributes the event to theselected destination 1534.

Cache-affinity of the flow states is one direct benefit resulting fromflow-affinity methods. The mapping structures and determination methodsused in cache-affinity distribution method embodiments can be applied toflow-affinity as well.

In some embodiments, the flow-affinity distribution method is used inconjunction with other distribution methods. For example, for the firstevent in a traffic flow (i.e. an event whose flow information does notmatch any of the stored existing flows), the event system may choosesome other method to select the destination for this event 1535. In someembodiments, the flow-affinity method is used first to determine thedistribution destination. If it is determined that the incoming event isthe first event in a traffic flow, the incoming event is distributedusing one or more different methods, including the round-robin method asdescribed in section 5.4.1 1536, consulting load information asdescribed in section 5.4.2 1537, or random selection from a list ofdestinations 1538.

Referring now to FIG. 15D, in some embodiments, flow-affinity orcache-affinity are combined with the load information based distributionmethod as described previously. In some embodiments, after selecting adestination based on flow affinity, the system determines if thedestination's load is high (e.g. the load has exceeded a predeterminedthreshold) 1547. If the load is not high, the system distributes theevent to the destination 1534. If the load is high, the system thenselects a new destination 1546 based on consulting load information asdescribed in 5.4.2 1522.

In some embodiments, after event distribution to a new destination thatdid not exist in the stored flow-to-destination map, for example, thefirst event in a traffic flow, or a new destination based on consultingload information, the system updates the flow's mapping to the newdestination 1545, and subsequently uses the new event to destinationmapping for future distribution decision.

5.5 Application-Defined Event Distribution and Event Filtering

In some embodiments, applications configure and supply distributionrules through system-provided API's. Such rules may include predicatesthat are evaluated by the system. The system interprets the rules orresults of predicates to determine event destinations. In anotherembodiment, applications supply executable program logic through systemprovided API'a where such executable function is designed to indicate tothe system which destination to select for a given event under some setof conditions. The system chooses the event destination based on thereturn value of such program logic execution.

Referring now to FIG. 15F, in one embodiment, for each event, the systemconsults one or more application-supplied rules or executable logicalconstructs 1560, selects the destination based on the application rulesor output of the executable logic 1561, and directs the event to theselected destination 1534.

In some embodiments, the application supplied rules or executable logicmay also be used as event filters where the supplied rules or executablelogic determines whether an event is to be delivered (i.e. a filteringfunction as well as the destination-determining function).

Referring now to FIG. 15G and FIG. 15H, one or more application-suppliedrules or executable logic 1570 are consulted before the arrival event isqueued onto destinations 1573, or before application event handlers areinvoked by the event system. In some embodiments, the result or outputof application-supplied rules or executable logic is used to determinewhether the event is to be delivered 1571, 1572. Theapplication-supplied rule or executable logic 1570 may determine not todeliver an event, and thus the application-supplied rule or executablelogic acts as filter 1572. Event delivery may take the form of, forexample, enqueuing an event to a destination or directly invokingapplication event handlers. In one embodiment, the result or output ofthe application-supplied rule or executable logic may act as a Booleandecision output and provide no further guidance regarding thedestination of distribution. In this case, the system will select theappropriate destination according to event system distribution methods,some of which for example are described in section 5.4.

In some embodiments, the application supplied rules or executable logicdetermines not only if an event is distributed, but also where todistribute the event 1675, 1676. When the result or output of theapplication-supplied rule or executable logic is to deliver the event,the result or output further provides selection information with respectto the destination or set of destinations 1675. In some embodiments,when the result or output indicates only one destination, the event isdistributed to this destination. Such event distribution may follow thescaling distribution mode. In some embodiments, when the result oroutput indicates multiple destinations, the event is distributed to themultiple destinations. Such event distribution may follow the duplicatedistribution mode where the same event is processed by multiple threads,each of which may implement a different application algorithm of eventprocessing.

In some embodiments, The result or output of application-supplied rulesor executable logic can also direct whether a direct invocation of anapplication event handler should occur, potentially also identifyingwhich event handler should be invoked. The event system will deliver theevent or invoke the event handler as instructed 1677.

In some embodiments, application-supplied rules or executable logic fordistribution and filtering may determine the distribution destinations,and no other distribution methods are needed. In some embodiments,user-defined rules or logic for distribution and filter may beimplemented and used in conjunction with one or more other distributionmethods such as those described in section 5.4.

In some embodiments, application-supplied rules or executable logic fordistribution and filtering can be evaluated before or after packetdemultiplexing. Application-supplied rules or logic may be provided rawevents, or alternatively, higher-level information such as sockets, filedescriptors, or event payload without lower-level protocol headers, andany combination thereof. Application-supplied rules or executable logicmay be applied in isolation, or be combined to form connected graphs oflogical predicates.

5.6 Event Distribution Mechanisms Applicable to Fast I/O and TraditionalOperating System Event Systems

The configuration of event distribution described in section 5.2 may beimplemented in conjunction with fast I/O event systems as described insection 5.1, or with a traditional event system. When configurationfacilities described in section 5.2 are provided in explicit form inconjunction with traditional event systems, such combinations can addenhanced application control to these traditional systems.

Any combination of methods of distribution described in section 5.4 andevent filtering described in section 5.5 may be implemented inconjunction with fast I/O event systems as described in section 5.1, orwith a traditional event systems. These facilities, which were notavailable in traditional event system, can add multiprocessing abilityto applications.

6.0 Event Directing and Task Queuing by Application Event Handlers

In some embodiments implementing an event-driven model, applicationevent handlers enqueue events and tasks to one or more target processorsor queues, thus effecting scheduling, directing further processing ofevents or both. The event handler execution and event-driven methodsdescribed previously in section 2 are incorporated here by reference.The event queuing API's may be separately provided by the system asdescribed above in section 4. Task queuing may also be separatelyprovided by the system as described below in this section. These API'sand supporting structures are made accessible to application eventhandlers in their execution context. This system combination ofevent-driven methods with event queueing capabilities, task queuingcapabilities or both provides application event handler with the abilityto direct further event processing or task execution. Such capabilitycan be used, for example, by a low-latency event handler that is thinand efficient while directing more complex processing to otherprocessors, including multiple processors for parallel processing. Suchability can also be used to integrate incoming events into thecomputation streams on the target processors of event queuing, taskqueuing or both.

Referencing now FIG. 16, application event handlers further direct theprocessing of events, the scheduling of tasks or both. A genericevent-driven system where application event handlers are invoked by theI/O event system can be implemented in conjunction with fast I/O andevent discovery mechanisms 410, or with a traditional operating systemI/O stack 910. There can be various ways of implementing event handlerinvocation after I/O event discovery 1700. For example, applicationevent handlers may be invoked after the queuing of events to theapplication, to a system destination, or to both. Alternatively, theycan be directly invoked after event discovery 1704. Such event-drivenmechanisms and embodiments are described in preceding sections andincorporated herein by reference. These embodiments can be implementedin conjunction with the additional element of an event enqueuemechanism, a task enqueue mechanism or both where such element is madeavailable to application event handlers.

During the execution of application event handlers, such handlers callsystem-provided functions for queuing events, tasks or both 1720, thusfurther directing event processing, task scheduling or both. Theapplication-queued events and tasks are enqueued onto one or more queues1730. The destination processors or threads 1740 may, for example, beapplication logic processors. In such embodiments, applications aredirecting further event processing or task computation from their eventhandlers, effectively integrating sporadic events into applicationcomputation. At the destination, there are a variety of methodsavailable to applications to process these queued events. For example,an application may choose to use an event-driven approach wheresystem-supplied polling threads at the destination processor poll thequeue 1730 and invoke another level of application event handler at thesame destination processor. As another example, an application maychoose to poll the event queue itself and process the event afterdequeuing it from the event queue 1730. In yet another example, tasksthat are enqueued are executed on the destination processor.

In some embodiments, event queuing functionality is provided by thesystem as described above in section 4. In some of these embodiments,the system provides task queuing without interrupt or context switching.Referring now to FIG. 17, shared memory 1760 is mapped into both theenqueueing application or system address-space and the destinationaddress-space. The shared memory region mapped includes the task queue1762, and may include some or all supporting structures 1764 for theenqueuing 1750 and dequeuing of tasks. In one embodiment, supportingstructures include task objects that are to be enqueued and allocatedfrom the shared memory space. Both the enqueuing space and thedestination have direct access to the task queue 1762 using sharedmemory 1760. In one embodiment, at the destination, there is asystem-supplied destination polling thread 1770 that polls 1768 on thetask queue 1762, and upon dequeuing and retrieval of the task, the taskis executed or scheduled for execution 1772. Thus, both task enqueuing,and task retrieval from the destination, occur without contextswitching. This is referred to as light-weight task queuing.

In some embodiments, event queuing, light-weight task queuingfunctionality, or both are provided by the system and made available tothe application event handlers in their execution environment. Forexample, when an application event handler executes in user-space by anyof the methods of the event-driven systems described in section 2, theapplication event handler has access to the libraries made available tothe application or system programs in user-space. These can include, forexample, the event queuing functionality, the light-weight task queuingfunctionality or both. When an application event handler executes inkernel-space, the event queuing and light-weight task queuingfunctionality are accessible, for example, through libraries that can belinked to application code running in kernel-space. Message queues canbe provided by the system, and implemented similarly using shared memoryaccessible to both enqueueing application event handlers and thedestination processor, thus allowing enqueue and dequeue operationswithout context switching. Message queues can thus be used in lieu ofevent queues in embodiments described in this section.

7. Multicast API

In some embodiments, applications invoke multicast API's to send orwrite one or more of the same messages to multiple destinations in asingle call. One example of a multicast API in some embodiments includesa send call prototyped as follows:

sendm(sockets_to_send_to, message, message_size, . . . );

Referring now to FIG. 18, an application calls sendm( ), passing itargument values such as the sockets or file descriptors where themessage is to be sent, the pointer to the message, the size of themessage, etc. The same message is then sent to all destinationsrepresented by the list of sockets or file-descriptors in the argument1810. The list of destinations specified by the sockets_to_send_toparameter can be provided in any form, including such forms as an array,list, hash table, etc. Sockets can be provided in any form, including asan opaque handle, file descriptor or other indirect reference. The listof destinations can be specified by means other than sockets as well.For example, a list of destination addresses such as IP addresses can bespecified.

In some embodiments, multiple messages are sent to multiple destinationsin a single call 1800. One example of a multicast API of this typeincludes a send call prototyped as follows:

sendm(sockets_to_send_to, list_of_messages, . . . )

An application calls sendm( ), passing it argument values such as thesockets or file descriptors where the message is to be sent and a listof messages. The same set of messages defined by this list of messagesis sent to all destinations represented by the list of sockets or filedescriptors in the sockets_to_send_to argument. This is in contrast tothe lio_listio API, which is a list of separate I/O operations, whereeach message is sent to the corresponding file descriptor and differentmessages are sent to each different file descriptor. In these listembodiments of the multicast API, the same list of messages is sent toeach of the different socket in the list of sockets.

In some embodiments, there is no need for the application to configureor otherwise create a multicast group prior to calling the multicast API1810. A list of destination sockets is provided in the send call itself.In a single call where a list of destinations is given, the message issent to all destinations in the list of sockets. In contrast,conventional multicasting API' s generally required an application tocreate a multicast group prior to, and separately from, the send calls.Multicast groups were created first, and then returned a handle orfile-descriptor for the multicast group. Alternatively, withconventional multicast, a multicast group was formed in the network withits own multicast address, and a socket was opened to represent thenetwork multicast group to the application. Membership was then added tothe multicast group. Applications subsequently sent messages to thesocket or handle that represented the previously formed multicast group.

In some embodiments, the system uses the list of sockets_to_send_toparameter to support both reliable and unreliable multicasting 1830. Forexample, if the list of sockets provided are in the nature of a set ofunreliable connections, such as UDP sockets or other unreliable protocolsockets, then the multicast is unreliable. Alternatively, if the list ofsockets provided are in the nature of a set of reliable connections,such as TCP sockets or other reliable protocol sockets, then themulticast is reliable. The individual socket type and its protocolspecify the reliability aspect of the multicast. For example, TCPsockets would indicate the reliability that the multicast should beordered delivery with acknowledgments. Other types of protocols that areavailable for individual sockets can be used by applications withmulticast send( ). Examples include various ordered and reliableprotocols, request-response style, and reliable but not necessarilyordered.

In some embodiments, the system has a separate multicast versionimplementing a reliable protocol from that defined for individualconnections. In other embodiments, the event system has substantiallythe same implementations as the reliable protocol used for individualconnections. The system can restrict the set of reliable protocolsavailable in a set of multicast send API's. For example, all sockets inthe list of sockets must be of the same protocol. For unreliablemulticast, all sockets in the list must be UDP sockets. For reliablemulticast all sockets in the list must be TCP sockets. In someembodiments, an application specifies a mix of protocols for the list ofsockets provided in the multicast send call. For example, a mix of UDPprotocol sockets and TCP protocol sockets are provided by theapplication, in which case, some destinations of the multicast need notbe reliable, while other destinations are reliable. Thus, the samemulticast API can be used for unreliable or reliable multicast, as thereliability is specified by the sockets' protocol.

In some embodiments, return values for the status for each individualsocket in the list of sockets passed to the send call are provided 1840.Additionally, priority can be specified for the entire multicast, forindividual sockets, or for a combination of both, where the priority setfor an individual socket overrides the priority set for the entiremulticast with respect to that individual socket 1850. Zero or moreparameters in addition to the example or described parameters may begiven. Return values can also vary widely depending on implementation.Parameters given need not be a list of parameters, but can take otherforms, such as members in a structure, and any combination thereof.

Although networking I/O examples are used in this section,similarly-structured multicast API's and capabilities can be readilyconstructed for other types of I/O where the same content can be writtento multiple destinations in a single call. These other types of I/Oinclude, for example, storage I/O and file I/O.

In some embodiments, the multicast send API' s are implemented for usein a multiprocessing environment. For example, multiple applicationthread, processors or both use the multicast send API's to send messagesto multiple destinations concurrently. The set of sockets todestinations in different multicast send calls in different threads mayoverlap.

8. Methods and Systems for Fast Task Execution and Distribution UsingHardware Inter-Processor Communication Mechanisms

Modern processor architectures offer platform-level support forinter-processor communication (“IPC”), ranging from inter-processorinterrupt (“IPI”) to sophisticated facilities such as registerinterfaces for direct access to on-chip interconnect network. Some ofthe hardware IPC facilities are capable of unicast (i.e. one processorto another), multicast (i.e. one processor to several), and broadcast(i.e. one processor to all others). The system may choose to use one ormore of these facilities.

Referring now to FIG. 19A, in one embodiment, the system provides aserver IPC agent software module 870 executing on a processor 1902 inkernel-space. The server IPC agent 870 initiates fast task distributionusing hardware IPC mechanisms. The Client IPC Agent software module 872,874 processes IPC requests.

In one embodiment, IPI is the underlying hardware IPC mechanism. ClientIPC agents 872, 874 are IPI interrupt handlers. The system may usedifferent IPI vectors from what the operating system kernel uses,avoiding unnecessary crosstalk with operating system IPI traffic. Inanother embodiment, MONITOR/MWAIT hardware primitives are used.MONITOR/MWAIT was an addition to the x86 architecture families, andavailable at ring 0. In this embodiment, inter-processor communicationis initiated by a memory write to a memory range that is shared betweentwo processors. The system may use one or more hardware IPC mechanismsprovided by the underlying hardware.

Referring to FIG. 19A, in a first embodiment, to distribute a task, forexample from one processor 1902 to another processor 1904, the serverIPC agent 870 first initiates an IPC request using any of the hardwareIPC mechanisms. In one embodiment, the hardware IPC mechanism used is aunicast IPI request to a processor 1904. In another embodiment, thehardware IPC mechanism is a multicast IPI request to a group ofprocessors. Upon receiving the IPI, the processor 1904 invokes theclient IPC agent 872. The client IPC agent 872 then issues an upcall tothe application task 1934. Kernel to user-space upcall is used toexecute the task or other executable program equivalents, such as eventhandlers. As a result of the upcall, the application task 1934 executeson the processor 1904. In this embodiment, task parameters are passed touser-space using the upcall stack.

In a second embodiment, to distribute a task, for example, from oneprocessor 1902 to another processor 1906, the server IPC agent 870distributes tasks by first writing the task parameters to apre-configured shared memory area 1916. The shared memory area 1916 ismapped into both kernel-space and application-space, and is thereforeaccessible by both the server IPC agent 870 and the application task1936. The server IPC agent 870 then initiates an IPC request using anyof the hardware IPC mechanisms. Next, the processor 1906 invokes theclient IPC agent 874, which then retrieves and analyzes configurationinformation and issues an upcall to the application task 1936. Theapplication task can be a task or other executable program equivalentsuch as an event handler. As a result of the upcall, the applicationtask 1936 executes on the processor 1906. Using shared memory to passlarge-sized task parameters to user-space results in improvedefficiency. The efficiency partly derives from the avoidance of extramemory copying operations.

Referring now to FIG. 19B, in a third embodiment, to distribute a task,for example from one processor 1902 to another processor 1904, theserver IPC agent 870 first initiates an IPC request using any of thehardware IPC mechanisms. In this embodiment, the application tasks 1954,1956 execute in kernel-space. The application task can be a task orother executable program equivalent such as an event handler. A sharedmemory area 876 is pre-configured, and application states that need tobe accessed by the application tasks 1954, 1956 are mapped intokernel-space. Upon receiving the IPC request, the processor 1904 invokesthe client IPC agent 872, which in turn invokes the application task1954. As a result, the application task processes the task, while havingaccess both to the task parameters and relevant application state. Thesystem may provide compilation, linking facilities or both to makeapplication tasks executable or callable in kernel-space.

Any processor can execute the server IPC agent 870, the client IPC agent872, 874 or both. The application or the system may elect to operate theprocessors in fully symmetric mode. or elect to partition the processorsinto separate server and client processor groups.

In some embodiments, the system provides generic task handlers.Application tasks and parameters for these tasks are packaged as taskobjects. Instead of directly invoking application tasks, the systeminvokes the generic task handler, which in turn executes the applicationtasks. This mode of operation allows code-sharing with a minor reductionin speed.

Although the embodiments described in FIG. 19A and FIG. 19B shows theserver IPC agents 870 and client IPC agents 872, 874 residing inkernel-space, such residency is not required. On availablearchitectures, hardware IPC mechanisms were accessible only to programsexecuting at ring 0. In the future, if new hardware mechanismsaccessible to user-mode programs become available, the server IPC agents870 and client IPC agents 872, 874 can reside in application-space. Ifthe server IPC agents 870 and client IPC agents 872, 874 reside inuser-space, kernel-to-user upcalls and shared-memory mappings may beeliminated altogether, and invocation of application tasks can consistof only a function call.

There are numerous advantages resulting from the system and methods oftask distribution disclosed herein. First, distributing and executingtasks using hardware IPC mechanisms are far more efficient than usingoperating system process or thread scheduling facilities. Second,application tasks have full access to application states because theyeither execute in application address-space, or because they have accessthrough shared memory. This contrasts with conventional systems wheresuch tasks have to execute in kernel-space and have no access toapplication states. Finally, the client processors wake up on demand anddo not need to operate in polling mode. This is more energy efficient.

In some embodiments, the system provides facilities for configurations,and facilities for receiving tasks. In some embodiments, configurationfacilities provide information such as target IPI vectors (if IPI isused for IPC), processor groups for multicast requests, memory regionsand address space information for application tasks informationnecessary for creating shared memory mapping, etc.

The system provides multiple mechanisms for receiving tasks. In someembodiments, applications are a source of tasks. For example,application tasks can be statically or dynamically linked into thesystem. In another example, shared memory may be used, whereapplications enqueue task objects from user-space, and server IPC agents870 dequeue the tasks from kernel space. In other embodiments, thekernel can be source of tasks. I/O and event systems, which may executein kernel-space or user-space, can be the source of tasks. For example,I/O and event system may package I/O events as task parameters andinvoke application event handlers as tasks in some embodiments of thissystem.

The following is an alphabetically sorted glossary of terms used in thispatent application:

Term Definition Active Polling A polling method that includes at leastone dedicated system polling thread that continuously polls for I/Oevents. AIO See “Asynchronous I/O.” API See “Application ProgrammingInterface.” Application Event Program code or routines supplied by anapplication and called Handler by the system upon arrival of events. Theevents may be I/O events, inter-processor, inter-thread or inter-processcommunications. Application A specification used as an interface bysoftware components to Programming Interface communicate with eachother, and may include specifications for routines, data structures,object classes, and variables. Application-Space Application-space isthe address space of an application process. Asynchronous I/O A form ofinput/output processing that permits an application thread to continuedoing other work or processing rather than block application processingwhile waiting for the I/O operation to complete. More specifically, thisinvolves first posting of an I/O operation by an application and thenpolling for completion. AIO semantics generally require prior posting ofI/O operations before events such as completion can be delivered.Completion Queue In asynchronous I/O, a queue containing informationabout completed I/O operations previously posted. When the prior postedI/O operation completes, the system usually stores the completioninformation in a queue. Such structures are usually referred to ascompletion queues. An application can poll the completion queue todetermine if its posted I/O operation has completed. Context SwitchingStoring and restoring the state of a CPU so that execution can beresumed from the same point at a later time. This includes activitiesinvolving the switching of threads or processes. This may also includetransitions between kernel-mode and user- mode, and in general,switching to and from different address spaces by an OS kernel.Conventional AIO See “Asynchronous I/O.” System Conventional OperatingConventional operating systems include an I/O system that sits Systemabove the conventional I/O stack that uses interrupt-based methodsinvolving context switching, and an event system that is integrated withthe conventional I/O stack. Examples include Unix (including Linux) andWindows. Core A microprocessor inside of a central processing unit.Dequeue Any method that removes an object or event from a queue.Destination A processor, thread, or queue, or a set of processors,threads, or queues, where events are delivered. Direct Accessing of I/OThe accessing of an I/O device through a device driver without Deviceintervention by additional layers or interfaces (e.g. operating systemkernel). Direct Accessing of Accessing memory without context switchingand without Memory intervention by external system services (e.g.operating system kernel). Memory that can be directly accessed is eitherin the process' address space or is being mapped into a memory spaceaccessible to that process. Event I/O events, inter-processor,inter-thread, or inter-process communications. See “I/O Events.”Event-Driven Model An Event System model for processing events whereevent handlers are supplied by the application and are called by thesystem rather than applications engaging in continuous polling. EventHandler Methods or software modules that process events and are calledby the system. This can include application event handlers supplied byan application. Event-Polling Model An Event System model of processingevents where applications poll for events, generally in event processingloops directed by the application to continuously poll events queues.Event Queue A queue enabled to take delivery of events, including I/Oevents or equivalents of events such as tasks or other objects, frommultiple file descriptors. Event queues and equivalents are described inmore detail in section 3 and included here by reference. Fast I/O EventSystems that utilize fast I/O event discovery mechanisms as theDiscovery System primary event discovery method. Fast I/O eventdiscovery mechanisms are described in detail in section 1 and includedhere by reference. Fast I/O System I/O events are primarily discoveredthrough polling. This is in contrast to conventional I/O systems thatuse interrupts as the primary I/O event discovery mechanism and softIRQs or deferred procedures for subsequent processing. Event discoverymechanisms in conjunctions with fast I/O are described in detail insection 1 and included here by reference. File Descriptor An abstractindicator (e.g. a number or a handle) that represents access to a fileor to I/O. A File Descriptor can represent a file or I/O access. Forexample, a File Descriptor of a socket (i.e. socket descriptor)represents access to a network. Similarly, a File Descriptor canrepresent access to a block device such as disk. A file descriptor tableis not required. Any opaque or indirect reference to objects thatrepresent access to a file or I/O can be called a File Descriptor. FileHandle See “File Descriptor.” I/O Events Events coming from I/O sources.The arrival of packets from a network, and disk access completion areexamples of I/O Events. Examples of I/O sources include networks andstorage, including disks and network-attached storage. Inter-process Aset of methods for the exchange of data/messages among Communicationmultiple threads or processors in one or more processes, both of whichcan be inside same process address space or in different process addressspace. This is in contrast to traditional IPC that is defined ascommunication across different process and usually different addressspaces. Inter-processor See “Inter-process Communication.” CommunicationIPC See “Inter-process Communication.” Kernel-Mode Execution inside theoperating system kernel that has the privilege to execute anyinstructions and reference any memory addresses. Kernel-Space Memoryspace that can only be accessed by privileged programs (e.g. the kernel,kernel extensions, and device drivers in kernel mode). Light-Weight TaskTask enqueuing and dequeuing without context switching. QueuingLight-weight task enqueuing and dequeuing are described in detail insection 6 and included here by reference. Memory Mapping Taking asegment of memory which otherwise does not belong to, or is notaccessible from, a process P1 address space, and using virtual memorytechniques to present this segment of memory to process P1 as if it wasin P1 address space. This enables P1 to directly access this memorysegment without context switching. The only time the kernel is involvedis when the mapping call itself is invoked (e.g. on UNIX/Linux mmap( )call). Multicasting Sending the same message or pay-load to multipledestinations in a single I/O operation. NIC A network interfacecontroller, also commonly known as a network card, or network adapter.Opaque Handle An indirect reference to a system object (e.g. socketobject). See also “File Descriptor.” This is in contrast to a directmemory pointer or otherwise direct reference to an underlying systemobject. OS Bypassing I/O operations that bypass or work on separatepaths from the host operating system kernel I/O stack. Passive PollingPolling that occurs when the application issues one of the I/O or eventsystem operations that cause the system to poll for an I/O event.Polling Active sampling of the status of an I/O device or queue. Whenpolling is referred to as a method of sampling and discovery of I/Oevents, it is in contrast to interrupt driven I/O event discovery asemployed by traditional operating system in traditional operating systemI/O stacks. Polling Entity A thread, processor, set of threads or set ofprocessors that poll for I/O events or poll a queue. Post and CompletionPosting asynchronous I/O operations and later polling for Modelcompletion status of the posted I/O operation. See also above“Asynchronous I/O.” Process A protection domain that can containmultiple threads Processor See “Core.” Queue Queues refer to anyinterface through which two or more parties can communicate. They may bequeues in the traditional sense, structures, a complex set of interfaceswith multiple interface elements, or associated interface methods. Theimplementation of queues can vary widely. For example, queues can beimplemented as data structures, including structures such asconventional queues, ring buffers, arrays, lists, hash tables, maps,tables, stacks, etc. They need not be a single data structure, but canbe a set of replicated structures, processor-specific structures,multiple types of structures, or any combinations thereof. Order ofaccess does not matter. Concurrency, such as that implemented withconcurrent queues or other concurrent data structures, as well as otherfeatures such as searching, iterating/enumerating, querying, filtering,etc. can be added to base data structure implementations,implementations of the queuing interfaces, or implementations of thesystem. Shared Memory Memory segment that can be accessed from two ormore different address spaces. The access to shared memory is withoutcontext switching or kernel involvement once memory mapping is complete.Socket An I/O object that represents access to a network from anapplication context. System Space The address space where the systemexecutes. This space can be a different address-space from theapplication address-space where the application executes. “System” mayinclude I/O and the event system, as well as other system services.System- space can be in either the user-space, the kernel space, or bothdepending on how the system program segments are structured. Inuser-space, the system can execute in the same address space as the userapplication program. In this case there is no distinction betweenapplication address-space and system- space. In user-space, the systemcan also execute in a different process and address-space from the userapplication process, in which case system-space is in a differentaddress-space from application address-space. In kernel-space, thesystem is generally in a different address-space from the userapplication address-space. Kernel-space is generally privileged. TaskCode or program that is a unit of execution. Task Queue Queue thatstores tasks, usually for scheduling of execution. TCP See “TransmissionControl Protocol.” Thread The smallest unit of processing that can bescheduled by an operating system kernel. Multiple threads can existwithin the same process. Transmission Control A transmission protocolthat provides reliable, ordered delivery Protocol of a stream of bytesfrom a program on one computer to another program on another computer.See RFC 793 TCP specification. UDP See “User Datagram Protocol” UpcallKernel functionality that allows a kernel module to invoke a function inuser-space User Datagram Protocol A stateless transmission protocol thatprovides unreliable, delivery of datagrams from a program on onecomputer to another program on another computer. See RFC 768 UDPspecification. User-Mode A process running in a private virtual addressspace without privilege to access other memory locations. User-Space Anynon-privileged process or address-space in which a user processes run.VI See “Virtual Interface.” Virtual Interface Virtual Interface is theinterface between a NIC that implements Virtual Interface Architectureor similar specification or design and a process that allows the NICdirect access to the process' memory. A VI usually contains at least apair of Work Queues—one for send operations and one for receiveoperations. The work queues usually store the application posted I/Ooperations. When the posted I/O operation is completed, the completioninfo is usually stored in a completion queue where the user-spaceprogram can poll for completion status. Thus, the way VI works issimilar to an asynchronous I/O post-and-completion model.

In light of the exemplary embodiment and multiple additions andvariations described above, the scope of the present invention shall bedetermined by the following claims.

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 23. A computer operating systemevent handling process, comprising: a) polling for input/output eventsfrom one or more input/output devices; b) upon discovery of one or moreinput/output events through said event polling, enqueueing the one ormore input/output events to one or more event queues; c) providing anevent polling application programming interface and supportingapplication polling for one or more input/output events through theevent polling application programming interface.
 24. The computeroperating system event handling process of claim 23 wherein at least oneof the one or more event queues is capable of storing a plurality ofinput/output events associated with multiple descriptors.
 25. Thecomputer event handling system of claim 23 wherein steps a), b), and c)are repeated and include enqueueing of a plurality of input/outputevents associated with multiple descriptors to the one or more eventqueues, and the multiple descriptors include more descriptors than eventqueues among the one or more event queues.
 26. The computer operatingsystem event handling process of claim 23 wherein the execution of theevent polling application programming interface of step c) causespolling the one or more event queues for events, and polling forinput/output events of a larger number of descriptors comprises pollinga smaller number of event queues as compared to the larger number ofdescriptors.
 27. The computer operating system event handling process ofclaim 26 also comprising dequeueing one or more events from the one ormore event queues.
 28. The computer operating system event handlingprocess of claim 27 wherein step c) is repeated and includes dequeueingof a plurality of input/output events associated with multipledescriptors.
 29. The computer event handling process of claim 23 whereinthe polling step a) comprises: running, by the computer operatingsystem, one or more active input/output polling threads; and activelypolling, by the one or more active input/output polling threads, for theinput/output events from one or more input/output devices.
 30. Thecomputer event handling process of claim 23 wherein the polling step a)includes passive polling by the computer operating system in response toan application calling an application programming interface supplied bythe operating system.
 31. The computer event handling process of claim23 wherein polling step a) includes polling through one or more virtualinterfaces.
 32. The computer event handling process of claim 23 whereinpolling step a) includes polling through one or more device drivers forthe input/output devices or other input/output devices.
 33. The computerevent handling system of claim 26 wherein the polling step c) executesin an application address space of the event handling process.
 34. Thecomputer event handling system of claim 29 wherein the one or moreactive input/output polling threads execute on one or more dedicatedprocessors.
 35. The computer event handling process of claim 24 whereinthe polling step a) comprises: running, by the computer operatingsystem, one or more active input/output polling threads; and activelypolling, by the one or more active input/output polling threads, for theinput/output events from one or more input/output devices.
 36. Thecomputer event handling process of claim 24 wherein the polling step a)includes passive polling by the computer operating system in response toan application calling an application programming interface supplied bythe operating system.
 37. The computer event handling system of claim 35wherein the one or more active input/output polling threads execute onone or more dedicated processors.
 38. The computer event handlingprocess of claim 25 wherein the polling step a) comprises: running, bythe computer operating system, one or more active input/output pollingthreads; and actively polling, by the one or more active input/outputpolling threads, for the input/output events from one or moreinput/output devices.
 39. The computer event handling process of claim25 wherein the polling step a) includes passive polling by the computeroperating system in response to an application calling an applicationprogramming interface supplied by the operating system.
 40. The computerevent handling system of claim 16 wherein the one or more activeinput/output polling threads execute on one or more dedicatedprocessors.
 41. The computer event handling system of claim 35 whereinthe polling of step a) for input/output events from one or moreinput/output devices includes polling through device driverscommunicable with the one or more input/output devices.
 42. A computeroperating system event handling process comprising: a) executing inparallel, by a computer operating system, a plurality of activeinput/output polling threads, with each among the plurality of activeinput/output polling threads polling for input/output events from one ormore input/output devices; and b) upon discovery of each input/outputevent among a plurality of input/output events, enqueing eachinput/output event onto one or more input/output event queues among aplurality of input/output event queues; c) application polling forinput/output events through an event polling application programminginterface supplied by the computer operating system.
 43. The computeroperating system event handling process of claim 42, wherein at leastone among the plurality of event queues is capable of storing aplurality of input/output events associated with multiple descriptors.44. The computer event handling system of claim 42 wherein steps a), b),and c) execute multiple times and cause enqueueing of a plurality ofinput/output events associated with multiple descriptors to the one ormore event queues, and the multiple descriptors include more descriptorsthan event queues.
 45. The computer event handling system of claim 42wherein the event polling application programming interface causespolling the one or more event queues for events, and polling forinput/output events of a larger number of descriptors comprises pollinga smaller number of event queues.
 46. The computer operating systemevent handling process of claim 45 also comprising dequeueing one ormore events from the one or more event queues.
 47. The computer eventhandling system of claim 23 wherein the polling of step a) forinput/output events from one or more input/output devices includespolling through one or more virtual interfaces.
 48. The computer eventhandling system of claim 23 wherein each among the plurality of activeinput/output polling threads executes on a dedicated processor.
 49. Thecomputer event handling system of claim 24 wherein each among theplurality of active input/output polling threads executes on a dedicatedprocessor.
 50. The computer event handling system of claim 25 whereineach among the plurality of active input/output polling threads executeson a dedicated processor.